Ubani ofundisa inyoni ukucula? Umbuzo owubulima kakhulu lo. Inyoni izalwa inalolu bizo. Kuye, ukucula nokuphefumula kuyimiqondo efanayo. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngomunye wabalingisi abadume kakhulu ekhulwini elidlule, uCharlie Parker, owayevame ukubizwa ngokuthi Bird.
UCharlie uyinganekwane ye-jazz engafi. I-saxophonist yaseMelika nomqambi owaba ngomunye wabasunguli besitayela se-bebop. Umculi ukwazile ukwenza uguquko lwangempela emhlabeni we-jazz. Wakha umbono omusha wokuthi uyini umculo.
I-Bebop (be-bop, bop) isitayela se-jazz esasungulwa ekuqaleni namaphakathi nawo-1940 wekhulunyaka lama-XX. Isitayela esiveziwe singabonakala nge-tempo esheshayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi.
Ubuntwana nobusha bukaCharlie Parker
UCharlie Parker wazalwa ngo-Agasti 29, 1920 edolobheni elincane lesifundazwe saseKansas City (Kansas). Uchithe ubuntwana bakhe eKansas City, eMissouri.
Umfana kusukela ebuntwaneni wayethanda umculo. Lapho eneminyaka engu-11, wakwazi ukudlala i-saxophone, kwathi eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, uCharlie Parker waba yilungu leqembu lesikole. Wayejabule ngeqiniso ukuthi ulutholile ubizo lwakhe.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1930, isitayela esithile somculo we-jazz sadalwa endaweni lapho uParker azalelwa khona. Isitayela esisha sahlukaniswa ngokungena, "okufakwe inkathi" ngama-blues intonations, kanye nokuthuthukiswa. Umculo wawuzwakala yonke indawo futhi kwakungenakwenzeka ukuwuthanda.
Ukuqala komsebenzi wokudala kaCharlie Parker
Ebusheni bakhe, uCharlie Parker wanquma umsebenzi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo. Wayeka isikole wajoyina iqembu lomculo. Abaculi bebecula kuma-disco endawo, amaphathi nezindawo zokudlela.
Naphezu komsebenzi okhathazayo, izethameli zilinganisela ukusebenza kwabafana ku-$ 1. Kodwa i-tip encane yayingelutho uma iqhathaniswa nolwazi lomculi ayenalo esiteji. Ngaleso sikhathi, uCharlie Parker wayebizwa ngokuthi i-Yardbird (Yardbird), okwakusho ukuthi ebuthweni "i-rookie".
UCharlie wakhumbula ukuthi ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe kwadingeka achithe amahora angaphezu kuka-15 ekuzilolongeni. Ukukhathala emakilasini kwayijabulisa kakhulu le nsizwa.
Ngo-1938 wajoyina umdlali wopiyano we-jazz uJay McShann. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala umsebenzi professional saqala. Kanye neqembu likaJay, wavakashela eMelika, waze wavakashela eNew York. Ukuqoshwa kokuqala kukaParker kubuyela emuva kulesi sikhathi, njengengxenye yeqoqo leMcShann.
UCharlie Parker uthuthela eNew York
Ngo-1939, uCharlie Parker wafezeka iphupho lakhe eliyigugu. Wathuthela eNew York ukuze aphishekele umsebenzi wakhe. Nokho, edolobheni elikhulu, kwakudingeka athole umculo hhayi kuphela. Isikhathi eside, lo mfana wasebenza njengomshini wokuwasha izitsha ngama- $ 9 ngesonto eJimmies Chicken Shack, lapho i-Art Tatum edumile yayivame ukwenza khona.
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, uParker washiya indawo lapho waqala khona umsebenzi wakhe womculo. Uvalelise kwiMcShann Ensemble ezodlala ku-Earl Hines Orchestra. Lapho wahlangana nomshayi wecilongo uDizzy Gillespie.
Ubungane bukaCharlie noDizzy bakhula baba ubudlelwano bokusebenzisana. Abaculi baqala ukwenza i-duet. Ukuqala komsebenzi wokudala kaCharlie kanye nokwakhiwa kwesitayela esisha se-bebop kwahlala cishe ngaphandle kwamaqiniso aqinisekisiwe. Konke kwakuyiphutha lesiteleka se-American Federation of Musicians ngo-1942-1943. Khona-ke uParker akazange aqophe izingoma ezintsha.
Ngokushesha "i-legend" ye-jazz yajoyina iqembu labaculi abadlala kuma-nightclub e-Harlem. Ngaphandle kukaCharlie Parker, leli qembu lalihlanganisa: UDizzy Gillespie, umdlali wopiyano uThelonious Monk, umshayi wesigingci uCharlie Christian kanye nomshayi wezigubhu uKenny Clarke.
Ama-bopper ayenombono wawo wokuthuthukiswa komculo we-jazz, futhi bazwakalise umbono wabo. UMonku wake wathi:
“Umphakathi wethu ufuna ukudlala umculo ‘ongakwazi ukuwudlala. Igama elithi “it” kufanele lisho abaholi bamabhande abamhlophe abathathe isitayela sokushwiba kubantu abamnyama futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo benza imali ngomculo ... ".
UCharlie Parker, kanye nabantu bakhe abanomqondo ofanayo, badlala kuma-nightclub ku-52nd Street. Ngokuvamile, abaculi baya amaqembu "Three Duchess" futhi "Onyx".
ENew York, uParker wathatha izifundo zomculo ezikhokhelwayo. Uthisha wakhe wayengumqambi onekhono nomhleli uMaury Deutsch.
Indima kaCharlie Parker ekuthuthukisweni kwe-bebop
Ngawo-1950, uCharlie Parker wanikeza inhlolokhono enemininingwane kwenye yezincwadi ezihlonishwayo. Umculi wakhumbula obunye bobusuku ngo-1939. Wabe esedlala uCherokee nomshayi wesigingci uWilliam “Biddy” Fleet. UCharlie wathi kwakungalobo busuku lapho wayenombono wokuthi angahlukanisa kanjani i-solo "engenayo".
Umqondo kaParker wenze umculo wazwakala wehluke kakhulu. Waqaphela ukuthi, esebenzisa yonke imisindo engu-12 yesikali sechromatic, kungenzeka ukuqondisa umculo kunoma yimuphi ukhiye. Lokhu kwephula imithetho evamile yokwakhiwa okujwayelekile kwezingoma ze-jazz, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kwenza izingoma zibe "tastier".
Ngenkathi i-bebop isanda kuqala, abagxeki abaningi bomculo kanye nama-jazzmen benkathi yokushwiba bayigxeka indlela entsha. Kodwa ama-boppers kwakuyinto yokugcina ababeyikhathalela.
Babiza labo abaphika ukuthuthukiswa kohlobo olusha, amakhiwane akhuntile (kusho "i-moldy trifle", "izinhlobo ezikhuntile"). Kodwa kwakukhona ochwepheshe ababeqiniseka kakhulu nge-bebop. U-Coleman Hawkins no-Benny Goodman babambe iqhaza ku-jam, ukuqoshwa kwe-studio, kanye nabameleli bohlobo olusha.
Njengoba ukuvinjelwa kweminyaka emibili kokurekhodwa kwezentengiso kwakuphakathi kuka-1942 no-1944, izinsuku eziningi zokuqala ze-bebop azirekhodwa ekurekhodweni komsindo.
Kuze kube ngu-1945, abaculi abazange baqaphele, ngakho uCharlie Parker wahlala emthunzini wokuthandwa kwakhe. U-Charlie, no-Dizzy Gillespie, uMax Roach no-Bud Powell, banyakazisa umhlaba womculo.
Ingenye yemidlalo engcono kakhulu ka-Charlie Parker.
Okunye okudume kakhulu okudlalwa yiqembu elincane kwaphinde kwakhishwa maphakathi nawo-2000: “Ikhonsathi eHholo Ledolobha LaseNew York. Juni 22, 1945. Ngokushesha u-Bebop wathola ukuqashelwa kabanzi. Abaculi bathola abalandeli hhayi kuphela ngesimo sabathandi bomculo abajwayelekile, kodwa nabagxeki bomculo.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, uCharlie Parker waqopha ilebula ye-Savoy. Ukuqoshwa kamuva kwaba enye yezikhathi ze-jazz ezazidume kakhulu. Izikhathi ze-Ko-Ko kanye ne-Now's the Time zaphawulwa ikakhulukazi abagxeki.
Besekela okuqoshiwe okusha, uCharlie noDizzy bathatha uhambo olukhulu lwase-United States of America. Ngeke kushiwo ukuthi ukuvakasha kube yimpumelelo. Uhambo lwaphela e-Los Angeles e-Billy Berg's.
Ngemva kohambo, iningi labaculi babuyela eNew York, kodwa uParker wahlala eCalifornia. Lo mculi washintsha ithikithi lakhe ngezidakamizwa. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, wayeyisigqila se-heroin notshwala kangangokuthi wayengakwazi ukulawula ukuphila kwakhe. Ngenxa yalokhu, inkanyezi yaphelela esibhedlela sezengqondo saseCamarillo.
Umlutha kaCharlie Parker
UCharlie Parker waqala wazama izidakamizwa lapho ekude nesiteji nokuthandwa ngokujwayelekile. Ukuba umlutha kweciko ku-heroin kuyisizathu sokuqala sokukhansela okujwayelekile kwamakhonsathi kanye nokwehla kweholo lakhe.
Ngokuqhubekayo, uCharlie waqala ukuziphilisa "ngokubuza" - ukusebenza komgwaqo. Lapho engasenayo imali eyanele yezidakamizwa, akazange angabaze ukuziboleka kozakwabo. Ukwamukela izipho ezivela kubalandeli noma ukupena i-saxophone ayintandokazi yakhe. Ngokuvamile abahleli bemidlalo ngaphambi kwekhonsathi kaParker baye esitolo sokudla ukuze bahlenge insimbi yomculo.
UCharlie Parker udale ubuciko bangempela. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka futhi ukuphika ukuthi umculi wayewumlutha wezidakamizwa.
Lapho uCharlie ethuthela eCalifornia, ukuthola i-heroin kwakungelula kangako. Kwakuyimpilo ehluke kancane lapha, futhi kwakungafani nendawo ezungezile yaseNew York. Lesi sihlabani saqala ukunxephezela ukuntuleka kwe-heroin ngokuphuza ngokweqile utshwala.
Ukuqopha ilebula yokudayela kuyisibonelo esicacile sesimo somculi. Ngaphambi kweseshini, uParker uphuze ibhodlela lotshwala lonke. KuMax Making Wax, uCharlie weqa imigoqo embalwa yekhorasi yokuqala. Kuthe uma ekugcineni lo mculi engenela kwacaca ukuthi usedakiwe akasakwazi nokuma ngezinyawo. Lapho kuqoshwa iLover Man, umdidiyeli uRoss Russell kwadingeka asekele uParker.
Ngemva kokukhululwa kukaParker esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo, wazizwa ejabule. UCharlie uqophe ezinye zezingoma zobuciko obuhle kakhulu ku-repertoire yakhe.
Ngaphambi kokusuka e-California, umculi ukhulule itimu ye-Relaxin' e-Camarillo ukuhlonipha ukuhlala kwakhe esibhedlela. Nokho, lapho ebuyela eNew York, waqala umkhuba omdala. I-Heroin idle ngokoqobo impilo yosaziwayo.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngoCharlie Parker
- Amagama ezingoma eziningi eziqoshwe nguCharlie ahlotshaniswa nezinyoni.
- Ngo-1948, umculi wathola isihloko "Umculi Wonyaka" (ngokwencwadi ehlonishwayo "Metronome").
- Ngokuphathelene nokubukeka kwesidlaliso esithi "Ptah", imibono iyahluka. Enye yezinguqulo ezidume kakhulu izwakala kanje: abangani bateketiswa ngo-Charlie "Inyoni" ngenxa yothando oludlulele lweciko ngezinkukhu ezithosiwe. Enye inguqulo ukuthi ngesikhathi ehamba nethimba lakhe, uParker washayela ngephutha ehhokweni lezinkukhu.
- Abangane bakaCharlie Parker bathi wayewazi kahle umculo - kusukela ku-European classic kuya eLatin America nasezweni.
- Ekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, uParker waguqukela ku-Islam, waba yilungu lenhlangano ye-Ahmadiyya e-United States of America.
Ukufa kukaCharlie Parker
UCharlie Parker washona ngo-March 12, 1955. Ushone khona lapho ebuka uhlelo lwe-Dorsey Brothers Orchestra kumabonakude.
Umdwebi wabulawa ukuhlaselwa okunzima ngemuva kwe-cirrhosis yesibindi. UParker ubukeke kabi. Lapho odokotela befika bezomhlola, banikeza uParker iminyaka engu-53, nakuba uCharlie wayeneminyaka engu-34 ngesikhathi eshona.
Labo balandeli abafuna ukuzwa i-biography yomculi kufanele babuke i-movie, enikezelwe ku-biography kaCharlie Parker. Sikhuluma ngefilimu ethi "Bird" eqondiswe nguClint Eastwood. Indima eyinhloko kule filimu iye kuForest Whitaker.
