U-Igor Stravinsky ungumqambi nombhidisi owaziwayo. Ungene ohlwini lwezibalo ezibalulekile zobuciko bomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingomunye wabameleli abavelele besimanjemanje.
I-Modernism yinto yamasiko engabonakala ngokuvela kwezitayela ezintsha. Umqondo wesimanjemanje ukucekelwa phansi kwemibono esunguliwe, kanye nemibono yendabuko.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Umqambi odumile wazalwa ngo-1882 eduze kwaseSt. Abazali baka-Igor babehlotshaniswa nokudala. Umama kaStravinsky wasebenza njengomdlali wepiyano - lo wesifazane wahamba nomyeni wakhe, owayesebenza yedwa e-Mariinsky Theatre.
U-Igor wachitha ubuntwana bakhe emndenini ongokwesiko nohlakaniphile. Ube nethuba elihle lokuvakashela ithiyetha futhi abukele umdlalo omnandi wabazali bakhe. Abaculi abadumile, abaqambi, ababhali kanye nezazi zefilosofi kwakuyizivakashi ze-Stravinsky House.
Kusukela esemncane, u-Igor waqala ukuthanda umculo. Lapho eneminyaka engu-9, wahlala phansi epiyano okokuqala ngqa. Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme, abazali baphikelela ngokuthi indodana yabo ithole iziqu zomthetho. UStravinsky wathuthela enhloko-dolobha yamasiko yaseRussia - iSt. Waqhubeka nokwenza umculo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathatha izifundo zomculo eziyimfihlo Rimsky-Korsakov.
U-Rimsky-Korsakov waqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi phambi kwakhe kwakuyi-nugget yangempela. Umqambi weluleke le nsizwa ukuthi ingangeni e-conservatory, ngoba ulwazi umculi analo lwanele ukusho phezulu.
UKorsakov wafundisa isigceme ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwe-orchestration. Uphinde wasiza umqambi wezimfundamakhwela ukuba athuthukise izingoma ezibhaliwe.
Indlela yokudala ye-maestro u-Igor Stravinsky
Ngo-1908, izingoma eziningi zika-Igor zenziwa yi-orchestra yasenkantolo. Sikhuluma ngemisebenzi ethi "Faun and Shepherdess" kanye ne "Symphony in E flat major". Ngokushesha u-Sergei Diaghilev wakwazi ukucula i-orchestral scherzo ye-maestro.
Lapho ezwa umculo omnandi womqambi waseRussia onesiphiwo, wafuna ukumazi mathupha. Kamuva wenza amalungiselelo amaningana e-ballet yaseRussia enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance. Isinyathelo esinjalo sabonisa umphakathi ukuthi ithalenta likaStravinsky laqashelwa emhlabeni wonke.
Ngokushesha i-premiere yezingoma ezintsha zikaStravinsky yenzeka, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wabizwa ngokuthi ummeleli ogqamile we-modernism. Phakathi kwezinto ezidaliwe bekuhambisana nomculo we-ballet i-Firebird.
Endabeni yokuthandwa, i-maestro yacabanga ngokwenza isiko le-symphonic, elibangele imizwelo eminingi emihle enkundleni yemidlalo yaseParis. Indalo entsha yomqambi yayibizwa ngokuthi "I-Rite of Spring". Izilaleli zahlukaniswa zaba amakamu amabili. Abanye babewuthanda umbono ka-Igor onesibindi. Futhi abanye, ngokuphambene nalokho, bezwa amanothi okuqanjwa komculo abonisa inhlamba eyeqa imingcele yalokho okwakuvunyelwe.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi u-Igor waqala ukubizwa ngokuthi umbhali waleyo "Rite of Spring", kanye nesimanje esibhubhisayo. Ngemva kwalokho, washiya iRussia ebanzi. Futhi kanye nomkhaya wakhe waya ensimini yaseFrance.
Impi nomculo
Ukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwaholela ekumisweni kwalokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi “Izinkathi ZaseRussia” enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance. U-Stravinsky washiywa ngaphandle kwenzuzo kanye nezindlela zokuziphilisa. Umkhaya omkhulu waya ensimini yaseSwitzerland. Khona-ke u-Igor wayengenayo imali. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, wasebenza ngezinganekwane zaseRussia.
Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Igor wabhala umculo onenjongo futhi we-ascetic, inzuzo eyinhloko eyayiyisigqi. Ngo-1914, i-maestro yaqala ukusebenza ku-ballet Les Noces. Eminyakeni engu-9 kuphela kamuva, uStravinsky wakwazi ukwethula umsebenzi. Ukuphelezelwa komculo we-ballet kwakusekelwe ezingomeni zaseRussia zasemaphandleni ezazenziwa emishadweni nasemishadweni.
Ngemva kokwethulwa kwe-ballet, wanquma ukususa ubuzwe ezingoma zakhe. Warekhoda izinto ezidaliwe ezalandela ngesitayela se-neoclassical. I-maestro "yalungisa" umculo wasendulo waseYurophu ngendlela yayo. Kusukela ngo-1924 wayeka ukuqamba umculo. U-Igor usiza ukubungaza. Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II, izingoma zakhe ezweni lakubo zathola ukuthandwa okukhulu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Izinkathi ZaseRussia" zaqala kabusha eFrance. Babengekho ezingeni elifanayo. Ngo-1928, uDiaghilev noStravinsky banikeza i-ballet u-Apollo Musagete. Ngemva konyaka, Diaghilev wafa. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, leli qembu lahlukana.
1926 kwaba unyaka oyingqopha-mlando kumqambi. Wabhekana noshintsho olungokomoya. Lo mcimbi ube nomthelela emsebenzini we-maestro. Izinkulumo zenkolo zazizwakala ngokucacile ezingomeni zakhe. Ingoma ethi "Oedipus Rex" kanye ne-cantata "Symphony of Psalms" yabonisa ukuthuthukiswa okungokomoya kwe-maestro. Ama-librettos ngesiLatini adalelwe imisebenzi ethulwe.
Inkinga yokudala yomqambi u-Igor Stravinsky
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-avant-garde yayidumile emazweni aseYurophu. Futhi uma kwabanye abaqambi lesi senzakalo sasijabulisa. Ukuthi kuStravinsky, njengommeleli we-neoclassicism, kwakuyinhlekelele yokudala.
Isimo sakhe somzwelo sasisemaphethelweni. I-maestro iphumile. Lesi sikhathi siphawulwa ukukhululwa kwezingoma eziningana: "Cantata", "In Memory of Dylan Thomas".
Ngokushesha umqambi washaywa unhlangothi. Naphezu kokuwohloka kwempilo, u-Igor wayengeke ashiye esiteji. Wasebenza futhi waqamba imisebenzi emisha. Ukwakhiwa kokugcina kwe-maestro kwaba "Requiem". Ngesikhathi sokubhala ukwakheka, uStravinsky wayeneminyaka engu-84 ubudala. Ukwakheka kwabonisa amandla abalulekile amangalisayo nomdlandla womdali.
Imininingwane yempilo yomuntu siqu
Umqambi waba nenhlanhla yokuthola uthando lwakhe ngo-1906. U-Ekaterina Nosenko waba unkosikazi osemthethweni we-maestro. Unkosikazi wazala Igor izingane ezine. Cishe zonke izingane zikaStravinsky zalandela ezinyathelweni zikayise othandwayo. Baxhuma izimpilo zabo nokudala.
UNosenko uhlushwa wukudliwa. Isimo sezulu saseSt. Petersburg asizange simfanele lona wesifazane, futhi isimo sakhe saba sibi kakhulu. Ngezikhathi ezithile yena nomkhaya wakhe babehlala eSwitzerland.
Ngo-1914, umndeni wakwaStravinsky wehluleka ukushiya iSwitzerland futhi ubuyele ezweni lakubo. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala isifikile. Ngemva kwempi, kwaba nenguquko emhlabeni. Iziqubulo ezivusa inkanuko zazizwakala yonke indawo. Petersburg, abakwaStravinsky bashiya isamba esikhulu semali nempahla. Yonke ingcebo yabo yathathwa kubo. AbakwaStravinsky bashiywa bengenandlela yokuziphilisa nophahla phezu kwamakhanda abo.
Ku-maestro, lokhu kwaba inhlekelele, ngoba wayengagcini nje ukondla umkakhe nezingane. Kodwa nonina uqobo, kanye nabashana. Kwakukhona "isiphithiphithi" endaweni yezwe lendabuko. U-Igor akazange akhokhelwe imali ngokusebenza kwezingoma zombhali, njengoba efuduka. Wayengenayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokukhipha izinhlelo ezintsha zemisebenzi yakhe.
Lapho umqambi sekuthiwa uthandana noCoco Chanel, owamsiza ngokwezimali lapho esebunzimeni bezezimali. Iminyaka eminingana ilandelana, uStravinsky nomkakhe behlala emzini kaKoko. Owesifazane akasekelanga yena kuphela, kodwa futhi nomndeni omkhulu. Ngakho, wayefuna ukuveza inhlonipho ngomqambi odumile.
Lapho u-Igor elungisa isimo sakhe sezezimali, uKoko wamthumelela imali iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10. Lokhu kwaba yisisekelo sokuthatha ngokuthi kwakungekho nje ubudlelwano bobungani phakathi komqambi nomqambi.
Ngo-1939 unkosikazi Stravinsky wafa. Umqambi akazange adabuke isikhathi eside. Lapho ethuthela e-United States of America, wathanda uVera Studeykina. Waba ngumkakhe wesibili osemthethweni. Bahlala ndawonye iminyaka engu-50. Kwakhulunywa ngabo njengezithandani eziphelele. Umndeni wabonakala yonke indawo ndawonye. U-Igor, lapho ebona uVera, wavele waqhakaza.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nomqambi u-Igor Stravinsky
- Udwebe kahle, ephinde abe yisazi sokudweba. Wayenomtapo wezincwadi ocebile, owawugxile kwezobuciko.
- U-Igor wayesaba kakhulu ukungenwa umkhuhlane. Wayegqoka kahle futhi ehlala egqoke izingubo ezifudumele. U-Stravinsky wayenakekela impilo yakhe, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile wenza ukuhlolwa kokuvimbela nodokotela.
- UStravinsky wayethanda utshwala obuqinile. Wenza ihlaya ukuthi bekufanele athathe i-pseudonym "Straviskey". Utshwala empilweni ye-maestro babusesilinganisweni.
- Wayengabathandi abantu abakhulumela phezulu. Bathuke bethuke umaskandi.
- U-Stravinsky akazange athande ukugxekwa, kodwa wayevame ukuveza imibono engalungile mayelana nozakwabo.
Igor Stravinsky: Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe
Washona ngo-April 6, 1971. Isizathu sokufa kwaba ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo. Unkosikazi wesibili wangcwatshwa Stravinsky e Venice, engxenyeni Russian emathuneni San Michele. Umkakhe wasinda Igor iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-10. Ngemva kokushona kukaVera, wangcwatshwa eduze komyeni wakhe.
