UJuan Atkins waziwa njengomunye wabadali bomculo we-techno. Kulokhu kwavela iqembu lezinhlobo manje elaziwa ngokuthi yi-electronica. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi wayengumuntu wokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi “techno” emculweni.
Imisindo yakhe emisha ye-elekthronikhi yaba nomthelela cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zomculo ezalandela. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwabalandeli bomculo womdanso we-elekthronikhi, bambalwa abathandi bomculo abaqaphela igama elithi Juan Atkins.
Naphezu kokuba khona kombukiso eDetroit Historical Museum onikezelwe lo mculi, usengomunye wabameleli bomculo abangacacile kakhulu besimanje.
Umculo weTechno wadabuka eDetroit, eMichigan, lapho u-Atkins azalelwa khona ngoSepthemba 12, 1962. Abalandeli emhlabeni wonke bahlobanise umculo ka-Atkins nezindawo ezivame ukuba mnyama zaseDetroit. Babonisa izakhiwo ezilahliwe kusukela ngawo-1920 kanye nezimoto ezindala.
U-Atkins ngokwakhe wabelane ngemibono yakhe ngesimo esicekeleke phansi saseDetroit noDan Cicco: “Ngashaywa umoya ngisenkabeni yedolobha, eGriswold. Ngabheka isakhiwo ngabona uphawu lwe-American Airline olufiphele. Umkhondo ngemva kokususa uphawu. Ngifunde okuthile ngeDetroit - kunoma yiliphi elinye idolobha unedolobha elimatasatasa, elichumayo."
Kodwa-ke, isiqalo sangempela somlando womculo we-techno akwenzekanga nhlobo eDetroit. Ingxenye yehora eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeDetroit yi-Belleville, Michigan, idolobhana eliseduze nomgwaqo omkhulu. Abazali bakaJuan bathumela uJuan nomfowabo ukuba bayohlala nogogo wabo ngemva kokwehla kokusebenza komfana esikoleni nobudlova baqala ukugqashuka emigwaqweni.
Njengomfundi wesikole esiphakathi nesesikoleni esiphakeme e-Belleville, u-Atkins wahlangana noDerrick May noKevin Saunderson, bobabili abaculi abasafufusa. Laba abathathu babevame ukuvakashela eDetroit ukuze "bahlanganyele" okuhlukahlukene. Kamuva, abafana baziwa ngokuthi i-Belleville Three, futhi u-Atkins wathola isiteketiso sakhe - u-Obi Juan.
UJuan Atkins uthonywe umsakazi u-Electrifying Mojo
Ubaba ka-Atkins wayengumhleli wekhonsathi, futhi ngesikhathi lapho umfana ekhula, kwakukhona izinsimbi zomculo ezihlukahlukene endlini. Waba ngumlandeli wejokhi yomsakazo waseDetroit ogama lakhe lingu-Electrifying Mojo (Charles Johnson).
Ubengumculi wamahhala, engu-DJ emsakazweni wezohwebo waseMelika, onemibukiso yakhe ehlanganisa izinhlobo namafomu. I-Electrifying Mojo ihlanganyele namaciko ahlukahlukene ngeminyaka yawo-1970 afana noGeorge Clinton, iPhalamende kanye noFunkadelic. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayengomunye wabambalwa baseMelika abadlala umculo womdanso we-elekthronikhi emsakazweni.
"Uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi kungani u-techno eze eDetroit, kufanele ubheke u-DJ Electrifying Mojo - wayenamahora amahlanu omsakazo njalo ebusuku ngaphandle kwemingcele yefomethi," kusho u-Atkins etshela iVillage Voice.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, u-Atkins waba umculi owathola indawo emnandi phakathi kwe-funk nomculo we-elekthronikhi. Ngisho esemncane, wayedlala ama-keyboards, kodwa kusukela ekuqaleni wayethanda u-DJ console. Esekhaya, wazama ukusebenzisa i-mixer nesiqopha-makhasethi.
Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme, u-Atkins wafunda eWashtenaw Community College eduze kwaseYpsilanti, eduze kwaseBelleville. Kwakungenxa yobungane nomunye umfundi, umakadebona waseVietnam uRick Davis, lapho u-Atkins eqala khona ukufundela ukukhiqizwa komsindo we-elekthronikhi.
Ukuqwashisa ngokushaya ucingo nguJuan Atkins
U-Davis wayephethe inhlobonhlobo yezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezintsha, okuhlanganisa neyodwa yezilandeleli zokuqala (umshini ovumela umsebenzisi ukuqopha imisindo ye-elekthronikhi) ekhishwe yi-Roland Corporation. Ngokushesha, ukusebenzisana kuka-Atkins noDavis kwaba nemiphumela emihle - baqala ukubhala umculo ndawonye.
"Ngangifuna ukubhala umculo we-elekthronikhi, ngacabanga ukuthi ngenxa yalokhu kufanele ngibe wuhlelo, kodwa ngabona ukuthi kwakungenzima njengoba kwakubonakala ngaphambili," kusho u-Atkins engxoxweni nephephandaba le-Village Voice.
U-Atkins wajoyina uDavis (othathe igama elingelona iqiniso elithi 3070) futhi ndawonye baqala ukubhala umculo. Laba ababili banqume ukubiza uCybotron. Abafana babona leli gama ngephutha ohlwini lwemisho yekusasa futhi banquma ukuthi yilokho ababekudinga egameni le-duet.
Ngo-1981, kwakhululwa eyokuqala, ethi, Alleys of Your Mind, futhi kwathengiswa amakhophi angaba ngu-15 kuyo yonke iDetroit ngemva kokuba i-Electrifying Mojo iqale ukusakaza ingoma eyodwa ohlelweni lwayo lomsakazo.
Ukukhishwa kwesibili kweCosmic Cars nakho kudayiswe kahle. Ngokushesha ilebula ezimele i-West Coast Fantasy yathola mayelana nalaba ababili. U-Atkins noDavis abazange bafune inzuzo enkulu ngokubhala nokuthengisa umculo wabo. U-Atkins uthe abazi lutho ngelebula iWest Coast Fantasy. Kodwa ngolunye usuku abazange bathumele isivumelwano ngeposi ukuze basayine.
Ingoma "iqambe" lonke uhlobo
Ngo-1982 uCybotron wakhipha iculo elithi Clear. Lo msebenzi onomsindo obandayo kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi i-classic yomculo we-electronic. Ngokwakudala kohlobo, awekho amagama engomeni. Kwakuyilokhu "iqhinga" abaculi abaningi be-techno ababoleka kamuva. Sebenzisa amagama engoma kuphela njengesengezo noma umhlobiso womculo.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, u-Atkins no-Davis bakhulula i-Techno City, futhi abalaleli abaningi baqala ukusebenzisa isihloko sengoma ukuchaza uhlobo lomculo okwakungowalo.
Leli gama elisha lithathwe kumbhali wekusasa u-Alvin Toffler ethi The Third Wave (1980), lapho amagama athi "techno-rebels" ayevame ukusetshenziswa khona. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uJuan Atkins wafunda le ncwadi esafunda esikoleni samabanga aphezulu e-Belleville.
Ngokushesha ukungezwani kwaqala ku-duet ka-Atkins noDavis. Abafana banquma ukushiya ngenxa yezintandokazi zomculo ezahlukene. UDavis wayefuna ukuqondisa umculo wakhe ku-rock. I-Atkins - ku-techno. Ngenxa yalokho, eyokuqala yangena ekusithekeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, owesibili wathatha izinyathelo zokwazisa umculo omusha awudalile yena.
Ejoyina uMay no-Saunderson, u-Juan Atkins udale iqoqo le-Deep Space Soundworks. Ekuqaleni, leli qembu lazibeka njengomphakathi wama-DJ oholwa ngu-Atkins. Kodwa ngokushesha abaculi basungula iklabhu edolobheni laseDetroit ebizwa ngokuthi The Music Institute.
Isizukulwane sesibili se-techno DJs, kuhlanganise noCarl Craig noRichie Hawtin (owaziwa ngokuthi i-Plastikman), baqala ukudlala e-club. Umculo weTechno uze wathola indawo esiteshini somsakazo saseDetroit ku-Fast Forward.
UJuan Atkins: omunye umsebenzi womculi
Ngokushesha u-Atkins wakhipha i-albhamu yakhe yokuqala, i-Deep Space, enesihloko esithi Infinity. Ama-albhamu ambalwa alandelayo akhishwe kumalebula ahlukahlukene we-techno. I-Skynet ngo-1998 kulebula yaseJalimane i-Tresor. Ingqondo Nomzimba ngo-1999 kulebula yaseBelgium i-R&S.
Naphezu kwakho konke, u-Atkins wayaziwa ngisho nasedolobheni lakubo laseDetroit. Kodwa iDetroit Electronic Music Festival, ebanjwa minyaka yonke ngasemanzini aseDetroit, ibonise umthelela wangempela womsebenzi ka-Atkins. Cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1 beza ukuzolalela abalandeli balo mculi. Benze wonke umuntu adanse engenalutho ngaphandle kwemishini kagesi.
UJuan Atkins ngokwakhe wenza emkhosini ngo-2001. Engxoxweni ayinikeze kumagazini ka-Jahsonic i-Orange, ubonise isimo se-techno esingaqondakali njengomculo wase-Afrika-waseMelika. "Ngingacabanga ukuthi ukube siyiqembu lezingane ezimhlophe, ngabe sesivele singosozigidi, kodwa lokho angeke kube nokucwasa ngokwebala njengoba kungase kubonakale ekuqaleni," esho.
“Amalebula amnyama awanawo umkhondo. Okungenani izinsizwa ezimhlophe zizokhuluma nami. Abenzi noma yikuphi umnyakazo noma izipesheli. Kodwa bahlala bethi: "Siyawuthanda umculo wakho futhi singathanda ukwenza okuthile nawe."
Ngo-2001, u-Atkins uphinde wakhipha iLegends, Vol. 1, i-albhamu ekulebula ye-OM. Umbhali we-Scripps Howard News Service u-Richard Paton uphawule ngokuthi i-albhamu "ayakheli kulokho okufeziwe esikhathini esidlule, kodwa isahlanganisa amasethi acatshangelwe kahle". U-Atkins waqhubeka nokudlala nhlangothi zombili ze-Atlantic, wathuthela e-Los Angeles ekuqaleni kwawo-2000.
Ivezwe ngokugqamile ku-"Techno: Isipho sikaDetroit Emhlabeni", umbukiso wango-2003 eDetroit. Ngo-2005, wacula eNecto Club e-Ann Arbor, eMichigan, ngaseBelleville.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngoJuan Atkins kanye ne-techno
- Abathathu abadumile abavela eDetroit isikhathi eside bebengakwazi ukukhokhela imishini ebizayo yokuqopha umculo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi bonke abafana babevela emindenini ephumelelayo, kusukela "kuzo zonke izikhali" zemishini yokuqopha umsindo kwakukhona amakhasethi kanye nerekhoda.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile bathola umshini wezigubhu, i-synthesizer kanye ne-console ye-DJ yeziteshi ezine. Yingakho ezingomeni zabo ubungezwa imisindo emine ehlukene ibekwe phezu komunye.
- Iqembu laseJalimane i-Kraftwerk liwugqozi lwemibono ka-Atkins nabangane bakhe. Iqembu laqala ukudala futhi lanquma ukwenza "i-coup". Begqoke njengamarobhothi, bangena esiteji ngomculo “wobuchwepheshe” obusha wangaleso sikhathi.
- UJuan Atkins unesidlaliso esithi Umsunguli (iphayona, umqalisi), njengoba ebhekwa njengoyise we-techno.
Inkampani yokuqopha iMetroplex iphethwe nguJuan Atkins.
