UMikhail Gnesin ungumqambi waseSoviet naseRussia, umculi, isibalo somphakathi, umhlaziyi, uthisha. Ngomsebenzi omude wokudala, wathola imiklomelo eminingi kahulumeni kanye nemiklomelo.
Wakhunjulwa abantu bakubo kuqala njengothisha nothisha. Wenza umsebenzi wokufundisa nowomculo wokufundisa. UGnesin wahola imibuthano ezikhungweni zamasiko zaseRussia.
Ubuntwana nobusha
Usuku lokuzalwa lomqambi nguJanuwari 21, 1883. UMikhail waba nenhlanhla ngokukhulela emndenini ohlakaniphe kakhulu nokudala.
I-Gnessins ingabameleli bomndeni omkhulu wabaculi. Baba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni amasiko ezweni labo lokuzalwa. UMikhail omncane wayezungezwe amathalenta aqinile. Odadewabo babefakwe ohlwini lwabaculi abathembisayo. Bafundiswa enhloko-dolobha.
Umama, owayengafundanga, akazange aziphike ubumnandi bokucula nokudlala umculo. Izwi elithandekayo lalona wesifazane lamhlekisa ikakhulukazi uMikhail. Umfowabo omncane kaMikhail waba ngumdlali oqeqeshiwe. Ngakho-ke, cishe wonke amalungu omndeni azibona emisebenzini yokudala.
Lapho kufika isikhathi, uMikhail wathunyelwa Petrovsky esikoleni sangempela. Ngalesi sikhathi, uthatha izifundo zomculo kuthisha oqeqeshiwe.
UGnesin wakhangwa ukuthuthukiswa. Ngokushesha uqamba ucezu lomculo wombhali, owathola ukubuyekezwa okuncomekayo kuthisha womculo. UMikhail wayehlukaniswa kontanga yakhe nge-erudition enkulu. Ngaphezu komculo, wayethanda izincwadi, umlando, i-ethnography.
Sekusondele usuku lokuzalwa lwe-17, ekugcineni waqiniseka ukuthi ufuna ukuba umculi nomqambi. Umkhaya omkhulu wasisekela isinqumo sikaMichael. Ngokushesha waya eMoscow ukuze athole imfundo.
Le nsizwa yamangala kakhulu lapho othisha beyeluleka ukuba “ikhulise” ulwazi. Ukuxhumana komndeni akuzange kumsize uMikhail ukuba abe umfundi e-conservatory. Odade bakwaGnessin bafunda kulesi sikhungo semfundo.
Wabe eseya enhloko-dolobha yamasiko yaseRussia. UMikhail wabonisa imisebenzi yokuqala kumqambi odumile uLyadov. UMaestro, wavuza le nsizwa ngezibuyekezo ezithophayo zemisebenzi yakhe. Wameluleka ukuba angene eSt. Petersburg Conservatory.
Ukwemukelwa kukaGnesin ku-conservatory
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elisha, uMikhail Gnesin wafaka isicelo eSt. Petersburg Conservatory. Othisha babona ithalente kuye, futhi wabhaliswa ku-Faculty of Theory and Composition.
Uthisha oyinhloko kanye umeluleki wensizwa kwaba umqambi Rimsky-Korsakov. Ukuxhumana kukaGnesin ne-maestro kwaba nethonya elinamandla kuye. Kuze kube sekufeni kukaMikhail, wayebheka uthisha wakhe nomeluleki wakhe njengokufanele. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngemva kokufa kukaRimsky-Korsakov, kwakunguGnesin owahlela uhlelo lokugcina.
Ngo-1905, umculi onethalente kanye nomqambi osafufusa wabamba iqhaza ezinqubweni zoguquko. Mayelana nalokhu, waboshwa futhi waxoshwa endaweni yokugcinwa kwemvelo ehlazweni. Yiqiniso, ngemva konyaka waphinde wabhalisa esikhungweni semfundo.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, waba yingxenye yendilinga yemibhalo engokomfanekiso. Ngenxa yokubamba kusihlwa okungokomfanekiso, wakwazi ukujwayelana nezimbongi eziqhakazile ze "Silver Age". UGnesin - wayephakathi kwempilo yamasiko, futhi lokhu kwakungeke kubonakale emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala.
Uqamba umculo wezinkondlo zezimpawu. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, ubhala amanoveli abuhlungu. Uthuthukisa indlela eyingqayizivele yokwethula umculo.
Imisebenzi yengoma eyadalwa nguMikhail emazwini Ophawu, kanye nezinye izingoma zenkathi ebizwa ngokuthi "Symbolist", ziyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yefa le-maestro.
Kungaleso sikhathi lapho aba nesithakazelo enhlekeleleni yamaGreki. Ulwazi olusha luholela umqambi ukuthi akhe ukuphinyiselwa komculo okukhethekile kombhalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umqambi wadala umculo wezinhlekelele ezintathu.
Enhloko-dolobha yamasiko yaseRussia, kwaqala imisebenzi esebenzayo yomculo nesayensi ye-maestro. Unyatheliswa komagazini abambalwa. UMikhail wakhuluma kahle kakhulu ngezinkinga zomculo wesimanje, izici zayo zezwe kwezobuciko, kanye nezimiso ze-symphony.
UMikhail Gnesin: imisebenzi yokufundisa yomqambi
Udumo lomqambi luyakhula. Imisebenzi yakhe ayithakazelisi kuphela eRussia, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe. Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphakeme, igama lakhe labhalwa ebhodini labathweswe iziqu abavelele.
Konke bekuyoba kuhle, kodwa uMikhail Gnesin ubheka ukukhanya okuhle njengomgomo oyinhloko wokuphila kwakhe. U-Stravinsky, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyingxenye yabangane bakhe abaseduze, weluleka uGnesin ukuba ahambe phesheya, ngoba, ngokombono wakhe, uMikhail wayengenalutho lokubamba ezweni lakubo. Umqambi uphendula lokhu okulandelayo: "Ngizoya ezifundazweni ngiyozibandakanya nezemfundo."
Ngokushesha waya eKrasnodar, wabe eseya eRostov. Impilo yamasiko yedolobha isishintshe ngokuphelele kusukela ekufikeni kweGnesin. Umqambi wayeneyakhe indlela yokuphakamisa isiko ledolobha.
Uhlala ehlela imikhosi yomculo nezinkulumo. Ngosizo lwakhe, izikole eziningana zomculo, imitapo yolwazi, futhi kamuva, i-conservatory yavulwa edolobheni. UMichael waba inhloko yesikhungo semfundo. IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye neMpi Yombango ayizange ivimbele umqambi ekuboneni izinhlelo ezinhle kakhulu.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-20 ekhulwini elidlule, wahlala kafushane ezindlini zikanokusho eBerlin. Umqambi ubenalo lonke ithuba lokugxila kuleli zwe unomphela. Ngaleso sikhathi, abagxeki baseYurophu nabathandi bomculo base bekulungele ukwamukela i-maestro ngisho nokumnika ubuzwe.
Gnesin imisebenzi eMoscow
Kodwa, wakhangwa yiRussia. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, kanye nomkhaya wakhe, uthuthela unomphela eMoscow ukuze ajoyine ibhizinisi elaqalwa odadewabo.
UMikhail Fabianovich ujoyina impilo yesikole sobuchwepheshe. Uvula umnyango wokudala futhi asebenzise isimiso esisha sokufundisa lapho. Ngokombono wakhe, kubalulekile ukuhlanganyela ekuhlanganiseni izingoma nabafundi ngokushesha, hhayi ngemva kokusebenza inkolelo-mbono. Kamuva, i-maestro izoshicilela yonke incwadi ezogxila kulolu daba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo zezingane zethulwa esikoleni Gnesins. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, umbuzo wefomethi enjalo yokufundisa wawubhekwa njengento engenangqondo, kodwa uMikhail Gnesin waqinisekisa ozakwabo mayelana nokufaneleka kokutadisha nesizukulwane esisha.
UGnesin akazishiyi izindonga zeMoscow Conservatory. Ngokushesha waba ngumphathi we-faculty entsha yokubhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-maestro ihola isigaba sokuqamba.
U-Mikhail Gnesin: ukwehla komsebenzi ngaphansi kokuhlasela kwe-RAMP
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-20, kwaqalwa ukuhlasela okunonya ngabasebenzi bomculo - RAPM. Inhlangano Yabaculi igxila empilweni yamasiko futhi iwina izikhundla zobuholi. Abaningi bayeka isikhundla sabo ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kwabamele i-RAPM, kodwa lokhu akusebenzi kuMikhail.
UGnesin, ongazange awuvale umlomo wakhe, wamelana ne-RAMP ngayo yonke indlela. Labo-ke, bashicilela izihloko ezingamanga ngoMikhail. Umqambi umisiwe emsebenzini eMoscow Conservatory futhi waze wafuna ukuba kuvalwe ubuhlakani ayebuhola. Umculo kaMikhail kulesi sikhathi uzwakala kancane kancane. Bazama ukumesula ebusweni bomhlaba.
Umqambi akadeli. Ubhalela izikhulu eziphezulu izikhalo. UGnesin waze waphendukela kuStalin ukuze amsekele. Ingcindezi ye-RAPM yaphela ekuqaleni kwawo-30. Empeleni wabe usuhlakazwa usoseshini.
Ngemva kweNguquko ka-Okthoba, abanye abaculi benza umsebenzi wokungafi womqambi. Nokho, kancane kancane izingoma ze-maestro zizwakala kancane kancane. Izinkondlo ze-Symbolists nazo zawela "ohlwini olumnyama", futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukufinyelela esiteji kwakuvaliwe ezindabeni zothando zomqambi waseRussia ezibhalwe ezinkondlweni zabo.
UMichael unquma ukwehlisa ijubane. Ngalesi sikhathi, akaqambi imisebenzi emisha. Ekuqaleni kwawo-30, waphinde wabonakala e-Conservatory, kodwa ngokushesha ikhono lakhe lavalwa futhi, ngoba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi wayengeke azuze abafundi. U-Gnesin uzizwa kabi ngempela. Isimo siba sibi nakakhulu ngokushona kwenkosikazi yokuqala.
Ngemva kwalezi zenzakalo, unquma ukuthuthela eSt. Unguprofesa e-conservatory. Isithunzi sikaMichael siyabuyiselwa kancane kancane. Ujabulela inhlonipho enkulu phakathi kwabafundi nasemphakathini wokufundisa. Amandla nethemba kubuyela kuye.
Waqhubeka nokuzama umculo. Ikakhulukazi, ungezwa amanothi omculo wesintu emisebenzini yakhe. Khona-ke wayesebenza ekudalweni kwencwadi ekhuluma ngoRimsky-Korsakov.
Kodwa, umqambi waphupha kuphela ngokuphila okunokuthula. Ekupheleni kwawo-30, uthola ukuthi umfowabo omncane wacindezelwa futhi wadutshulwa. Khona-ke impi ifika, futhi uMikhail, kanye nomkakhe wesibili, bathuthela eYoshkar-Ola.
UMikhail Gnesin: usebenza eGnesinka
Ngo-42, wajoyina iqembu labaculi abavela eSt. Petersburg Conservatory, elayiswa eTashkent. Kodwa okubi kakhulu kwakuseza. Uzwa ngokufa kwendodana yakhe eneminyaka engu-35 ubudala. UMichael ucwila ekucindezelekeni. Kodwa, ngisho nalesi sikhathi esinzima, umqambi uqamba i-trio ehlakaniphile "Esikhumbuzweni sabantwana bethu abafile." I-maestro yanikezela ukuqamba endodaneni yakhe eshone kabuhlungu.
UDadewethu Elena Gnesina, phakathi neminyaka engu-40 ekhulwini elidlule, wasungula isikhungo esisha semfundo ephakeme. Umema umfowabo enyuvesi ukuze athathe isikhundla sobuholi. Wasamukela isimemo sesihlobo sakhe wabe esehola uphiko lwezokudidiyela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-repertoire yakhe yagcwaliswa nge-Sonata-Fantasy.
Imininingwane yempilo yomuntu siqu kaMikhail Gnesin
UMargolina Nadezhda - waba unkosikazi wokuqala we-maestro. Wayesebenza emtatsheni wezincwadi futhi ehumusha. Ngemva kokuhlangana noMikhail, lona wesifazane wangena e-conservatory futhi waqeqeshwa njengomculi.
Kulo mshado, kwazalwa indodana uFabius. Le nsizwa yayiphiwe njengomculi. Kuyaziwa nokuthi ubenenkinga yokuphazamiseka emqondweni okumenza ukuthi angaziboni empilweni. Ubehlala noyise.
Ngemva kokufa komkakhe wokuqala, uGnesin wathatha uGalina Vankovich njengomkakhe. Wayesebenza eMoscow Conservatory. Zazikhona izinganekwane zangempela ngalo wesifazane. Wayehlakaniphile kakhulu. UGalina wayekhuluma izilimi eziningana, wapenda izithombe, wabhala izinkondlo futhi wadlala umculo.
Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila komqambi
Waqhubeka nokuphumula okumfanele, kodwa ngisho nalapho ethatha umhlalaphansi, uGnesin akazange akhathale ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi yomculo. Ngo-1956, washicilela incwadi ethi Thoughts and Memories of N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov. Naphezu kwezinkonzo ezinhle ezweni lakubo, izingoma zakhe zizwakala kancane kancane. Wabulawa isifo senhliziyo ngoMeyi 5, 1957.
Namuhla, ubizwa ngokuya ngokuthi "umqambi okhohliwe". Kodwa, akumelwe sikhohlwe ukuthi ifa lakhe lokudala liyisiqalo futhi liyingqayizivele. Eminyakeni engu-10-15 edlule, imisebenzi yomqambi waseRussia yenziwe kaningi phesheya kunasezweni lakubo lomlando.
