UPyotr Tchaikovsky uyingcebo yangempela yomhlaba. Umqambi waseRussia, uthisha onethalente, umqhubi kanye nomgxeki womculo waba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni komculo we-classic.
Ubuntwana nobusha bukaPyotr Tchaikovsky
Wazalwa ngoMeyi 7, 1840. Wachitha ebuntwaneni bakhe edolobhaneni elincane Votkinsk. Ubaba nomama kaPyotr Ilyich babengahlangene nokudala. Ngokwesibonelo, inhloko yomkhaya yayingunjiniyela, futhi umama wakhulisa izingane.
Umndeni wawuphila ngokuchuma kakhulu. Waphoqeleka ukuba athuthele e-Urals, njengoba uyise wanikezwa isikhundla sokuba yinhloko yesitshalo sensimbi. Esigodini, u-Ilya Tchaikovsky wanikezwa indawo enezinceku.
UPetru wakhulela emndenini omkhulu. Akuzona izingane kuphela ezihlala endlini, kodwa futhi nezihlobo eziningi zenhloko yomndeni, u-Ilya Tchaikovsky. Izingane zafundiswa umbusi ongumFulentshi, owayebizwa nguyise kaPeter waseSt. Ngokushesha waba cishe ilungu eliphelele lomndeni.
Umculo wawuvame ukudlalwa endlini yomqambi waseRussia ozayo. Futhi nakuba abazali babehlangene ngokungaqondile nokudala, ubaba wayedlala umtshingo ngobuchule, futhi umama wayecula izingoma zothando futhi edlala nopiyano. UPetya omncane wathatha izifundo zepiyano kuPalchikova.
Ngaphezu komculo, uPeter wayethanda ukuqamba izinkondlo. Wambhalela izinkondlo ezinamahlaya ngolimi okungelona olomdabu. Kamuva, indalo kaTchaikovsky yathola incazelo yefilosofi.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1840 ekhulwini elidlule, umndeni omkhulu wathuthela enhloko-dolobha yaseRussia - eMoscow. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, lo mkhaya wawuhlala endaweni yaseSt. Enhloko-dolobha yezamasiko eRussia, abazalwane bathunyelwa esikoleni okuhlalwa kuso eSchmeling.
Petersburg, uPyotr Tchaikovsky waqala ukufunda umculo we-classical ne-opera. Ngalesi sikhathi, wangenwa yisimungumungwane. Isifo esidlulisiwe sanikeza izinkinga. UPetru waba nesithuthwane.
Ngokushesha umndeni wabuyela e-Urals futhi. Kulokhu wabelwa edolobheni Alapaevsk. Manje umbusi omusha u-Anastasia Petrova wahlanganyela emfundweni kaPetru.
Imfundo kaPyotr Tchaikovsky
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uPyotr Ilyich wayethanda umculo kusukela ebuntwaneni, waya ku-opera ne-ballet, abazali bakhe abazange bacabangele inketho yokuthi indodana yakhe yayizohlanganyela ekudaleni. Ukuqaphela ukuthi indodana kufanele ithunyelwe esikoleni somculo kwaba kamuva kakhulu. Abazali bakhe bamthumela eSikoleni Somthetho, esasiseSt. Ngakho, ngo-1850, uPeter wathuthela enhloko-dolobha yamasiko yaseRussia.
UPeter waya esikoleni kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwawo-1850. Eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala, uTchaikovsky akakwazanga ukulalela isimo sengqondo esifanele. Wayekhumbula ikhaya lakhe kakhulu.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1850, uPyotr Ilyich washiya izifundo zakhe. Khona-ke umkhaya omkhulu waphinde wathutha wayohlala eSt. Wabe esejwayelana ne-opera yaseRussia ne-ballet.
1854 kwaba unyaka onzima umndeni Tchaikovsky. Iqiniso yikuthi umama lo wabulawa yicholera kungazelelwe. Inhloko yomndeni yayingenayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokuthumela amadodana amadala ezikhungweni zemfundo ezivaliwe. Ngamawele, u-Ilya Tchaikovsky waya kohlala nomfowabo.
UPetru waqhubeka ehlanganyela ngentshiseko emculweni. Wafunda izifundo zepiyano kuRudolf Kündinger. Ubaba wanakekela uPeter futhi wanquma ukumqasha uthisha wangaphandle. Ngemva kokuba inhloko yomndeni iphelelwe yimali, uPeter akakwazanga ukukhokhela amakilasi.
Ngokushesha u-Ilya Tchaikovsky wanikezwa ukuba abe inhloko ye-Institute of Technology. Ngaphezu kokuthi uyise kaPeter wayethenjiswe isilinganiso esihle, umndeni wanikezwa izindlu ezinkulu.
Khona-ke uPyotr Ilyich wathola umsebenzi ngokomsebenzi. Wanikela ngesikhathi sakhe esikhululekile emculweni. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1860, waya phesheya okokuqala ngqa. Lapho wayenebhizinisi, kodwa lokhu akuzange kumvimbele ukuba ajwayelane namasiko nemibala yendawo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uPeter wayesazi kahle isiNtaliyane nesiFulentshi.
Indlela yokudala yomqambi uPyotr Tchaikovsky
Ebusheni bakhe, uPyotr Ilich akazange acabange ngisho nomsebenzi womculo. Ngokumangalisayo, wabona umculo njengento yokuzilibazisa yomphefumulo. Inhloko yomndeni, eyayibukele indodana yayo eduze, yaqaphela ukuthi uPetru wayenokuthambekela okuthile emculweni. Futhi wameluleka ukuba athathe "umsebenzi wokuzilibazisa" kakade ezingeni lochwepheshe.
Lapho uPeter ezwa ukuthi kuvulwa indawo yokugcina izingane eSt. Petersburg, eyayizophathwa u-Anton Rubinstein, isimo sashintsha. Wanquma ukuthi ufuna ukuthola imfundo yomculo. Ngokushesha washiya umthetho futhi wanquma ukuzinikela emculweni impilo yakhe yonke. Khona-ke uPyotr Ilyich wayengenayo imali, kodwa ngisho nalokhu akuzange kumvimbe endleleni eya ephusheni lakhe.
Ngesikhathi efunda e-Conservatory, uPyotr Ilyich wabhala i-cantata ethi "To Joy", eyagcina isiba umsebenzi wakhe wokuthweswa iziqu. Ngokumangalisayo, ukudalwa kukaTchaikovsky kwenze okuningi okungalungile kunombono omuhle kubaculi baseSt. Ngokwesibonelo, uCaesar Cui wabhala:
“Njengomqambi, uPyotr Ilyich ubuthakathaka kakhulu. Ilula futhi iyalandela ... ".
UPyotr Ilyich akazange abe namahloni ngokugxekwa. Wakwazi ukuthweswa iziqu eSt. Petersburg Conservatory ngendondo yesiliva. Kuye, lokhu kwakuwudumo oluphakeme kakhulu. Maphakathi nawo-1860, umqambi wathuthela eMoscow (ngokuphikelela komfowabo). Ngokushesha inhlanhla yamamatheka kuye. Wathatha i-professorship e-conservatory.
Inani eliphakeme lomsebenzi wokudala
UPyotr Ilyich wafundisa isikhathi eside eMoscow Conservatory. Uzenze uthisha nomeluleki ovelele. U-Tchaikovsky wenza umzamo omkhulu futhi wanikela isikhathi esiningi ekuhleleni inqubo yokufundisa efanelekayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakungelula kubafundi. Inani elincane lezincwadi zesayensi lizenze lazizwa. UPyotr Ilyich waqala ukuhumusha izincwadi zakwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakha izinto zokufundisa eziningana.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1870, uTchaikovsky wanquma ukushiya isikhundla sakhe njengoprofesa e-conservatory. Wayefuna ukunikela isikhathi esiningi ekuqambeni. Indawo kaPyotr Ilyich yathathwa ngumfundi wakhe oyintandokazi kanye "nesandla sokunene" uSergei Taneyev. Waba umfundi othandwa kakhulu Tchaikovsky.
Ukuphila kukaTchaikovsky kwanikezwa umsekeli wakhe uNadezhda von Meck. Wayengumfelokazi ocebile kakhulu futhi ngonyaka wayekhokhela umculi uxhaso lwama-ruble angu-6 XNUMX.
Ukuthuthela kukaTchaikovsky enhloko-dolobha kumzuzise ngempela umqambi. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho umsebenzi wakhe wokudala wachuma. Wabe esehlangana namalungu enhlangano abaqambi "Mighty Handful", lapho abantu abanamakhono beshintshana nakho kwabo. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1860, wabhala i-overture eqanjiwe esekelwe emsebenzini kaShakespeare.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1870, enye yezingoma ezaziwa kakhulu yaphuma esibayeni sikaPyotr Ilyich. Sikhuluma ngokudalwa kwe "Storm". Ngalesi sikhathi wayephesheya isikhathi eside. Naphesheya, wazuza okuhlangenwe nakho. Leyo mizwa ayithola phesheya yaba isisekelo sezingoma ezalandela.
Ngawo-1870, izingoma ezikhumbulekayo ze-maestro ezidumile zaphuma, isibonelo, "i-Swan Lake". Ngemva kwalokho, Tchaikovsky waqala ukuhamba emhlabeni nakakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wajabulisa abalandeli bomculo we-classic ngezingoma ezintsha nezinesikhathi eside zithandwa.
UPyotr Ilyich wachitha iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe edolobheni elincane laseKlin. Ngalesi sikhathi, wavuma ukuvula isikole esibanzi endaweni yokuhlala.
Umqambi odumile wafa ngoNovemba 6, 1893. UPyotr Ilyich wabulawa ikholera.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngomqambi uPyotr Tchaikovsky
- Wahlela i-opera no-Anton Chekhov.
- Ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula, uPeter wasebenza njengentatheli.
- Wake wabamba iqhaza ekucimeni umlilo.
- Kwenye yezindawo zokudlela, umqambi wa-oda ingilazi yamanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela ukuthi akazange abilisiwe. Kamuva kwavela ukuthi wayengenwe isifo sohudo.
- Wayengabathandi labo ababengalithandi izwe lakubo.
Imininingwane yokuphila komuntu siqu kaPyotr Tchaikovsky
Ezithombeni eziningi ezigciniwe, uPyotr Tchaikovsky uthathwe ekanye namadoda. Ochwepheshe basaqagela ngokuma komqambi odumile. Ababhali bezinto eziphilayo basikisela ukuthi umqambi angaba nemizwa ngoJoseph Kotek noVladimir Davydov.
Akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi uPyotr Ilyich wayeyisitabane yini. Umqambi futhi unezithombe ezinobulili obuhle. Ababhali bomlando wokuphila komuntu bayaqiniseka ukuthi lokhu kumane kuyisiphazamiso umqambi asisebenzise ukuze achezukise ukunaka endleleni yakhe yangempela.
Wayefuna ukushada no-Artaud Desiree. Owesifazane wenqaba umqambi, ekhetha uMarian Padilla y Ramos. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1880, u-Antonina Milyukova waba unkosikazi osemthethweni kaPetru. Owesifazane wayemncane kakhulu kunowesilisa. Lo mshado wathatha amasonto ambalwa kuphela. U-Antonina noPetru empeleni abazange bahlale ndawonye, nakuba bengakaze bafake isehlukaniso ngokusemthethweni.
