UVsevolod Zaderatsky - Umqambi waseRussia nase-Ukraine, umculi, umbhali, uthisha. Waphila ukuphila okucebile, kodwa neze ngeke kuthiwe cloudless.
Igama lomqambi sekuyisikhathi eside lingaziwa kubathandi bomculo we-classic. Igama kanye nefa lokudala likaZaderatsky kuhloswe ukuthi lisuswe ebusweni bomhlaba. Waba yisiboshwa kwelinye lamakamu aqinile kaStalinist - iSevvostlag. Imisebenzi yomculo ye-maestro yasinda ngokuyisimangaliso futhi yasinda kuze kube yilolu suku.
Ku-YouTube ngeke ukuthole okurekhodiwe okungobo yomlando kokudlala komculi. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, wakwazi kanye kuphela ukwenza ingoma yakhe esiteji esikhulu. Bekungekho ngisho iphosta, bavele babhala uhlelo lwekhonsathi ephepheni lokubhalela.
Vsevolod Zaderatsky: ebuntwaneni kanye nentsha
Usuku lokuzalwa lukaMaestro lungoDisemba 21, 1891. Wazalelwa endaweni yaseRivne (isifunda saseRivne ngaleso sikhathi, esifundazweni saseVolyn, uMbuso WaseRussia). Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, wakwazi ukwazisa ukuthi ubuntwana bakhe budlule ngenjabulo. Abazali bakwazi ukunikeza Vsevolod ukukhuliswa okuhle kakhulu, imikhuba kanye nemfundo.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, lo mkhaya washintsha indawo yokuhlala. Zaderatsky wahlangana ebuntwaneni bakhe eningizimu yedolobha laseRussia Kursk. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, wakhangwa umculo. Abazali babeyinakekela imfundo yendodana yabo. Ngemva kokuthola ulwazi oluyisisekelo, waya eMoscow.
Enhloko-dolobha yaseRussia, Vsevolod waba umfundi ngesikhathi Conservatory wendawo. Le nsizwa yafunda ukuqamba, upiyano nokuqhuba. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi uthole imfundo yesibili. Wangena eMoscow University, ezikhethela i-Faculty of Law.
Umsebenzi kaVsevolod Zaderatsky njengomfundisi womculo
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, u-Vsevolod wathola umsebenzi wokuba uthisha womculo emndenini wasebukhosini. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi umqambi wafundisa izifundo zomculo ngendlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi u-Alexei, ngaleso sikhathi owayehlala eSt.
Indodana kaVsevolod iqinisekile ukuthi yilesi siqephu empilweni kayise eyaba isizathu esiwujuqu sokubhubhisa uyise futhi, empeleni, yamsusa ngokuphelele empilweni yomculo yaseSoviet.
Ngo-1916 wabizelwa phambili. UVsevolod wayengafuni ukulwa, kodwa wayengenalo ilungelo lokwenqaba. Wabamba iqhaza eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-4, kwadingeka aphinde athathe izikhali. Ngalesi sikhathi ku-White Army ku-Civil War. Umsebenzi wakhe wezempi waphela ngesikhathi ethunjwa yi-Red Army. Babefuna ukumdubula kabili - base bemxolela kabili. Uhulumeni wanquma ukudingisela uVsevolod eRyazan.
Leli akulona idolobha lokuqala lesifundazwe lapho u-maestro adingiselwa khona. Wanqunywa ngamabomu eMoscow, ngoba baqonda ukuthi kuleli dolobha, nokho, njengaseSt. Petersburg, ukuphila kwamasiko kugxilile. Eminyakeni embalwa kuphela Zaderatsky wakwazi ukuhlala enhloko-dolobha yaseRussia. Wanikezwa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-wolf passport", engamnikanga ilungelo lokuhlala emadolobheni amakhulu.
Kuze kube sekushoneni kwelanga kwe-30s yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, wayesesimweni "sokuncishwa". Wayengenalo ilungelo lokuvota, ukuthola umsebenzi waphakade, ukuvakashela izindawo ezinabantu abaningi, ukushayela ucingo. Impilo ka-Vsevolod iwusongo, ukususwa ngamabomu emphakathini, umzabalazo wamalungelo omuntu, ukugxambukela empilweni, inkululeko, kanye nekhono lokudala.
Ukuboshwa kukaVsevolod Zaderatsky
Lapho amaBolshevik eqala ukubusa, umculi wakhumbula ukusekelwa ngabaMhlophe. Lokhu kwawela yonke impilo kaZaderatsky, futhi i-NKVD yahlala ingathembekile kuze kube phakade.
Maphakathi nawo-20 ekhulwini elidlule, abantu abangaziwa bangena eVsevolod. Abazichazi izizathu zokuza, bamfake ozankosi bahambe naye. UZaderatsky wayevalelwe ejele.
I-maestro yachotshozwa futhi yabhujiswa. Kulesi simo, kwakungekona ukuboshwa okwakumkhathaza, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi imibhalo yakhe yesandla yacekelwa phansi. Yonke imisebenzi eyabhalwa uVsevolod ngaphambi kuka-1926 ayikwazanga ukubuyiselwa. Umqambi ophelelwe yithemba futhi ocindezelekile wenza umzamo wokufa ngokuzithandela, kodwa uyamiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Wakhululwa ngemva kweminyaka emibili kuphela. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqamba ama-sonata wepiyano adlulisa ngokuphelele isimo esidabukisayo nesicindezelayo somqambi.
Zonke izinsuku wayephila njengasephusheni. Eminyakeni engaphansi kwe-10, uVsevolod waphinde waboshwa. Efundiswa okuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu, wacela umkakhe ukuba afihle umsebenzi. Wagcina esejele edolobheni laseYaroslavl.
Ukusesha kubonise ukuthi indlu kaVsevolod "yayihlanzekile". Kwatholakala izingqwembe zekhonsathi kuphela endlini yakhe. Uhlelo lwaluhlanganisa imisebenzi kaWagner noRichard Strauss. Kamuva, inkosikazi yomqambi yathola ukuthi umyeni wakhe wayevalelwe ngenxa "yokusabalala komculo wama-fascist." Lona wesifazane waphinde watshelwa ukuthi umyeni wakhe waphelela ekamu "eNyakatho." Abakwazanga ukuxhumana, ngoba i-Vsevolod yayivinjelwe kunoma yikuphi ukuxhumana nezwe langaphandle iminyaka eyi-10. Ngo-1939 wakhululwa.
Vsevolod Zaderatsky: lokusungula in the Gulag
Ezindaweni zokuncishwa inkululeko, waqamba ingoma yomculo engenakuqhathaniswa. Ku-Gulag ubhala "24 Preludes and Fugues for Piano". Lona umsebenzi wobuciko wangempela kanye nezingoma zomculo ezidume kakhulu ze-maestro. Ihlanganisa kahle amasiko e-baroque nomsindo wesimanje womculo.
Kuzothatha izinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela ngemuva kokukhululwa kwakhe - futhi i-maestro iphinde yaphela e-Yaroslavl. Wahambisa amadokhumenti ku-GITIS. Esikhungweni semfundo, wafunda emnyangweni wezincwadi. Wabe esevakashela amadolobha amaningana aseRussia nase-Ukraine, futhi kuphela ekupheleni kweminyaka engu-40 lapho ethuthela eLvov.
Edolobheni lase-Ukraine, umqambi wachuma ngempela. Wazithola esendaweni yokudala. UVsevolod wangena ku-conservatory, okwakuwumvuzo omkhulu kuye. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, u-Zaderatsky wazama ukwenza izingoma zomculo wakhe zisebenze. Wabhala amakhonsathi amaningi epiyano ezingane.
Izinto ezinetimu ekwakhiweni kwekhonsathi yesibili kwakuyizingoma zabantu base-Ukraine, eRussia naseBelarus. Abaphathi baklomelise i-Vsevolod ngezincomo mayelana nomsebenzi owenziwe. Ukwakhiwa komculo okubhaliwe bekufanele kuzwakale kwenye yezindawo zekhonsathi e-Kyiv.
Nokho, ngisho nangaphambi kokuqala kwekhonsathi, izikhulu zaseMoscow zavakashela eLviv. Bekumele "baveze" isifundazwe. I-Vsevolod nedumela lakhe "eliphelele" - lifaneleka kahle indima yesisulu. Izingoma zakhe zagxekwa, futhi i-maestro ngokwayo yayibizwa ngokuthi i-mediocrity.
Ngokusho kukaVsevolod, wabhekana nokuningi, kodwa kwakunzima kakhulu kuye ukuzwa ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe wawuphakathi. Ochwepheshe babelindele ukubonga kuZadertsky ngokugxeka umsebenzi wakhe ngokufanele, kodwa kunalokho waqala ukulwela isithunzi sakhe.
Wabhalela inhloko yeSoviet Music kanye nomqondisi weMuzfond izincwadi ezithukuthele. I-Vsevolod yayiyingozi kakhulu, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi, noma yiliphi igama elingenandaba lalibiza ukuphila komuntu.
UVsevolod Zaderatsky akazange ayeke ukugcwala ubuholi ngezincwadi. Wayecabanga ukuthi akukho angamlahla. Nokho, le ndoda yayinephutha. Kulo mbango osobala wokulahlekelwa, walahlekelwa yimpilo yakhe. UVsevolod waqala ukukhathazeka ngobuhlungu obusenhliziyweni yakhe. Wazizwa egula kakhulu.
Ifa lomculo lomqambi
Imisebenzi eyaqanjwa u-maestro ngaphambi kokuboshwa kwakhe kokuqala ayikwazanga ukubuyiselwa. Ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe, akazange azame ukubuyisela lokho ayekubhalile ngekhanda. Ababhali bokuphila kwakhe bakwazi ukuthola ukuthi ngaphambi kokuboshwa kwakhe wayesebenza ku-opera enkulu esekelwe endabeni yomlobi uGogol - "Ikhala".
Umsebenzi we-Vsevolod ungahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana. Isigaba sokuqala yimisebenzi ehlanganisa imisebenzi ngaphambi kuka-1926. Cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe, waqala ukubhala upiyano sonata No. 1 kanye No. Imisebenzi ethulwe ivula isigaba sesibili sempilo yokudala kaZaderatsky. Isigaba sesibili saqhubeka kwaze kwaba unyaka wama-2 wekhulu elidlule. Ngalesi sikhathi waqamba imijikelezo eminingi yepiyano nezingoma zezwi nepiyano.
Ngemva kuka-1932, isiteji esisha emsebenzini we-maestro sivula. Waphendukela ekucabangeni komculo we-neotonal. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, wabhala umsebenzi odume kakhulu - "24 Preludes and Fugues". Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-40s, ibhange lakhe lomculo we-piggy lalihlanganisa izingoma eziningi zomculo wepiyano, i-symphony yasekamelweni, nemisebenzi yezwi.
Khona-ke kwadingeka asebenze kanzima ukuze ashintshe ulimi lomculo. Umsebenzi wakhe ubuswa umsindo wezingoma zomdabu. Uqamba amakhonsathi epiyano ambalwa ezingane, i-symphony eyodwa kanye nekhonsathi ye-violin.
Ukufa kukaVsevolod Zaderatsky
Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwe-maestro yachithwa endaweni yaseLviv. Vsevolod kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe ohlwini njengothisha at Conservatory. Indlela yokudala yomqambi yaphela ngokudala i-Concerto ye-Violin ne-Orchestra.
Washona ngo-February 1, 1953. Ngemva konyaka, i-Symphony No. 1 yakhe kanye ne-Violin Concerto yenziwa eLvov. Ngemva kwalokho, iningi lemisebenzi yakhe yalibaleka, futhi kuphela ekhulwini elisha lapho umphakathi waqala ukuba nesithakazelo emsebenzini we-maestro enkulu.
Labo abafuna ukujwayelana ne-biography yomqambi omkhulu ngokuningiliziwe, sikweluleka ukuthi ubuke ifilimu ethi "Ngikhululekile". I-biopic yakhululwa ngo-2019.
NgoMeyi 2021, i-Premiere yomjikelezo wezwi lomqambi yenzeka eSamara. Sikhuluma ngomsebenzi othi "Inkondlo ngesosha laseRussia" emavesini embongi u-Alexander Tvardovsky. Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-opera ethi The Widow of Valencia yethulwa esiteji inguqulo ye-orchestra ngumqambi uLeonid Hoffmann.
