U-Alexander Veprik - Umqambi waseSoviet, umculi, uthisha, isibalo somphakathi. Wabhekana nokucindezelwa kukaStalin. Lona ungomunye wabameleli abadume kakhulu nabanamandla okuthiwa "isikole samaJuda".
Abaqambi nabaculi abangaphansi kokubusa kukaStalin babengomunye wezigaba ezimbalwa "ezinamalungelo". Kodwa, uVeprik, wayephakathi "kwabanenhlanhla" abadlula kuzo zonke izimangalo zokubusa kukaJoseph Stalin.
Ubuntwana nobusha buka-Alexander Veprik
Umqambi wesikhathi esizayo, umculi nothisha wazalelwa e-Balta eduze kwase-Odessa emndenini wamaJuda. Ubuntwana buka-Alexander badlulela endaweni yaseWarsaw. Usuku lokuzalwa lukaVeprik nguJuni 23, 1899.
Ubuntwana bakhe nobusha bakhe buxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomculo. Kusukela esemncane, wakwazi ukudlala izinsimbi zomculo eziningana. Wakhangwa ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukiswa, ngakho u-Alexander wangena eLeipzig Conservatory.
Lapho kugqashuka iMpi Yezwe I, umkhaya wabuyela eRussia. U-Veprik waqala ukutadisha ukwakheka ngaphansi kuka-Alexander Zhitomirsky endaweni yokugcinwa kwempahla yenhloko-dolobha yamasiko yezwe. Ekuqaleni kuka-1921, wathuthela eMyaskovsky eMoscow Conservatory.
Ngalesi sikhathi wayengomunye wamalungu ashiseka kakhulu eqembu lababizwa ngokuthi “osolwazi ababomvu”. Amalungu eqembu aphikisana nama-liberalists.
UVeprik wafundisa eMoscow Conservatory kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwawo-40. Ekupheleni kwe-30s, waqokwa njengomphathi wesikhungo semfundo. Umqambi ngokushesha wenyusa ileli lomsebenzi.
Ekupheleni kwawo-20, wathunyelwa ohambweni lwebhizinisi oluya eYurophu. I-maestro ishintshisane ngolwazi nozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe. Futhi, wenza umbiko lapho ekhuluma ngohlelo lwemfundo yomculo e-USSR. Wakwazi ukuxhumana nabaqambi abadumile baseYurophu futhi wafunda kokuhlangenwe nakho okuyigugu kozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe.
Alexander Veprik: izingoma zomculo
Kuye kwaphawulwa ngenhla ukuthi u-Alexander Veprik ungomunye wabameleli abaqhakazile besiko lomculo lamaJuda. Isiqephu sokuqala somculo esamnika ukuthandwa - wethulwa ngo-1927. Sikhuluma ngengoma ethi "Imidanso nezingoma zeghetto".
Ngo-1933 wethula "uStalinstan" wekhwaya nopiyano. Umsebenzi awuzange ubonakale kubathandi bomculo. Wayephezulu ku-Olympus yomculo.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wenza intuthuko enkulu emkhakheni womculo, umsebenzi womqambi ngokushesha waqala ukuncipha. Kwaze kwaba sekuhwaleleni kwawo-30 lapho enambitha khona ukuthandwa. Wayalelwa ku-opera yaseKyrgyz "Toktogul", ekugcineni yashintsha ngokuphelele impilo yakhe.
Ngo-43, waxoshwa e-Moscow Conservatory ngehlazo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, akukho lutho oluzwakalayo mayelana ne-maestro. Akazange aqambe imisebenzi emisha futhi wayephila impilo engavamile.
Kuphela ngemva kweminyaka engu-5 isikhundla umculi ngcono kancane. Khona-ke inhloko ye-Union of Composers T. Khrennikov yanquma ukunikeza umqambi isikhundla kumshini wakhe.
Ekupheleni kwawo-40, waphothula uhlelo lwesibili lwe-opera yaseToktogul. Qaphela ukuthi umsebenzi uhlala ungakaqedwa. I-opera yadlalwa kuphela ngemva kokufa kwe-maestro. Ngemva konyaka waboshwa. UVeprik ugwetshwe iminyaka engu-8 ejele.
Phakathi kwezingoma zakhe zomculo, sincoma ukuthi ulalele i-piano sonatas, i-violin suite, i-viola rhapsody, kanye ne-Kaddish yezwi nepiyano.
Alexander Veprik: ukuboshwa
Okunye ukuphenywa ngemva kokuboshwa komqambi kwakuphathelene ne-opera iToktogul, eyaqanjwa umpetha wemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseKyrgyzstan. Umphenyi owayehola icala likaVeprik wayekude nomculo. Kodwa-ke, wathi i-opera ayithwali i-Kyrgyz motifs, kodwa "umculo weZionist."
Iziphathimandla zaseSoviet nazo zakhumbula uhambo lwebhizinisi lwasentshonalanga oluya e-Alexander Veprik. Eqinisweni, uhambo olungenacala oluya eYurophu kwakufanele lube neqhaza ekuguquleni imfundo yomculo, kodwa iziphathimandla zikaStalinist zazibheka leli qhinga njengokukhaphela.
Entwasahlobo ka-51, umqambi wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-8 emakamu okufukuzwa kuwo. "Wathungwa" icala ngezinsolo zokuthi ulalele imisakazo yangaphandle kanye nokugcina izincwadi ezivinjelwe endaweni ye-USSR.
U-Alexander wathunyelwa ejele kuqala, kwase kulandela igama elithi "isiteji". Lapho kukhulunywa igama elithi "isiteji" - umqambi waphonswa umjuluko kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. Isiteji siyinhlekisa nokuhlushwa ebhodleleni elilodwa. Iziboshwa azizange zibhujiswe ngokuziphatha kuphela, okusikisela ukuthi zaziphansi, kodwa futhi zihlukunyezwa ngokomzimba.
Alexander Veprik: ukuphila emakamu
Wabe esethunyelwa ekamu laseSosva. Ezindaweni zokuncishwa inkululeko, akazange asebenze ngokomzimba. Umqambi wabelwa umsebenzi owawuseduze naye emoyeni. Wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela ibutho lezamasiko. Umbutho wawuneziboshwa ezazikude nomculo.
Ngemva konyaka, isikhundla sika-Alexander sashintsha kakhulu. Iqiniso liwukuthi kwakhishwa isinqumo sokuthi zonke iziboshwa eziwela ngaphansi kweSigaba 58 kufanele zihlukaniswe kwezinye.
Abaphathi be-Sev-Ural-Laga banquma ukubuyisela u-Alexander eSosva. Waphinde walethwa ukuze asebenze ne-cool brigade. Omunye wezisebenzi zomnyango omkhulu weluleke i-maestro ukuthi iqambe uhlobo oluthile lomculo wokushisekela izwe.
Isiboshwa saqala umsebenzi engxenyeni yokuqala ye-cantata ethi "The People-Hero". Botov (isisebenzi somnyango oyinhloko) wathumela umsebenzi ku-Union of Composers. Kodwa umsebenzi lapho wagxekwa. I-cantata ayizange iveze umbono ofanele kubagxeki.
Ngemva kokufa kukaStalin, u-Alexander wabhalela udadewabo isicelo sokuba liphinde licutshungulwe icala lakhe esasiqondiswe kuRudenko, uMshushisi Omkhulu waseSoviet Union.
Ngemva kokucabangela leli cala, uRudenko wathi i-maestro izokhululwa maduze. Kodwa "ngokushesha" kwadonsa isikhathi esingaziwa. Kunalokho, u-Alexander wayezothunyelwa enhloko-dolobha.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngomqambi
- Ngo-1933, "Imidanso Nezingoma zeGhetto" yomqambi waseSoviet yenziwa yiPhilharmonic Orchestra, eholwa ngu-Arturo Toscanini.
- Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokufa kwe-maestro, i-premiere ye-opera Toktogul yenzeke emkhosini womculo waseKyrgyz enhloko-dolobha yaseRussian Federation. Amaphosta awazange abonise igama le-maestro.
- Inani elikhulu lezingoma zomculo we-maestro alizange likhishwe.
Ukufa kuka-Alexander Veprik
U-Alexander Veprik wachitha iminyaka embalwa yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe elwa ne-bureaucracy yaseSoviet. Wakhululwa ngo-1954 futhi wachitha unyaka wonke ezama ukubuyisela indlu yakhe, lapho iziphathimandla zase zikwazile ukuxazulula isazi somculo u-Boris Yarustovsky.
Izingoma zakhe zasulwa ebusweni bomhlaba. Wakhohlwa ngamabomu. Wazizwa edangele. Wafa ngo-Okthoba 13, 1958. Imbangela yokushona komqambi kwaba ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo.
Esikhathini sethu, umsebenzi womculo womqambi waseSoviet wenziwa eRussia nakwamanye amazwe.
