U-Alfred Schnittke ungumculi okwazile ukuba negalelo elikhulu emculweni we-classic. Wenzeka njengomqambi, umculi, uthisha kanye nesazi somculo esinekhono. Izingoma zika-Alfred zizwakala ku-cinema yesimanje. Kodwa ngokuvamile imisebenzi yomqambi odumile ingazwakala kumathiyetha nasezindaweni zamakhonsathi.
Wahamba kakhulu emazweni aseYurophu. Schnittke wayehlonishwa hhayi kuphela ezweni lakubo zomlando, kodwa futhi phesheya. Isici esiyinhloko sikaSchnittke kwakuyisitayela esiyingqayizivele kanye nokuqala.
U-Alfred Schnittke: Ubuntwana kanye Nentsha
Umqambi esizayo wazalwa ngo-November 24, 1934 edolobheni Engels. Ngokuthakazelisayo, abazali benkosi ehlakaniphile babenezimpande zobuJuda. Idolobha lasekhaya lenhloko yomndeni kwakunguFrankfurt am Main. Lapho iMpi Yezwe Yesibili iqala, umndeni waphoqeleka ukuba uthuthele enhloko-dolobha. Ugogo nomkhulu babehlala lapho. Lokhu kwaba ukusindisa impilo yomndeni.
USchnittke wakhulela emndenini omkhulu. Ngaphezu kwakhe, abazali bakhe bakhulise ezinye izingane ezintathu. U-Alfred wakhuluma izinto ezinhle kuphela ngomkhaya wakhe. Babenobungane futhi bezama ukwesekelana ezimpini ezinzima nangezikhathi zangemva kwempi. Khona-ke umndeni waphoqeleka ukupakisha izinto ezidingekayo futhi uthuthele eMoscow. Abazali bafundisa izingane isiJalimane, kuyilapho ugogo nomkhulu befundisa izisekelo zolimi lwesiRashiya.
Umfana omncane onethalente waqala ukuhileleka emculweni kusukela eneminyaka engu-11. Ngemva kwempi, umkhaya omkhulu wathuthela eVienna. Lesi kwakuyisinyathelo esidingekayo. Inhloko yomndeni inenhlanhla. E-Vienna, wathatha isikhundla sokuba umlobeli wencwadi ethandwayo i-Österreichische Zeitung.
Ensimini yase-Austria, u-Alfred wathweswa iziqu esikoleni somculo maphakathi nawo-1940 ekhulwini elidlule. Ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko ekugcineni kwamqinisekisa ukuthi usendleleni efanele. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, umndeni wakwaSchnittke wawusubuyile emapotimendeni. Bathuthela eMoscow. Umama nobaba bathola imisebenzi ephephandabeni lendawo. Futhi u-Alfred waqhubeka nokujwayelana nomculo.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, le nsizwa yayibambe idiploma ekubunjweni evela eMoscow Conservatory. Wabe eseyoqeda esikoleni. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, u-Alfred wafundisa "amaphuzu okufunda" kanye "nezinsimbi". Uthisha ngamabomu akazange athathe abantu abaningi eqenjini lakhe ukuze anikele isikhathi esengeziwe kumfundi ngamunye.
Wabe eseba yingxenye ye-Union of Composers. Umsebenzi awuzange unikeze uSchnittke imali eningi, ngakho waqala ukubhala izingoma ze-cinema. Naphezu komthwalo obalulekile womsebenzi, akazange ashiye izindonga zesikhungo semfundo ayefundisa kuso.
Indlela yokudala ka-Alfred Schnittke
U-Alfred ungumqambi ojulile, owazama ukuqonda wonke umuntu kanye nengqikithi yakhe kuwo wonke umlando wakhe wokudala. Udlulisele okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe emisebenzini yakhe. Okuhlangenwe nakho, ukwesaba, ukufuna iqiniso kanye nencazelo yokuphila komuntu - lezi zihloko uSchnittke azithintile ezingomeni zakhe. Ekudalweni komculi, i-symbiosis eyingqayizivele yenhlekelele kanye ne-comic yadalwa.
Waba umdali wegama elithi "polystylistics" (inhlanganisela yobuhle ezahlukene). Ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, u-Alfred wadala i-ballet yakhe yokuqala, eyayibizwa ngokuthi iLabyrinths. Wabe eseshona unina. Emkhumbuzweni wakhe, umqambi wabhala i-piano quintet, namuhla eyaziwa emphakathini ngokuthi "Umbhali Womsebenzi".
Wasebenza ngenkuthalo indlela yama-aleatorics. Kafushane izingoma ezibhalwe yile ndlela, ungathola inani elibalulekile lesikhala sokwenza ngcono. Imisebenzi enjalo ayinqunyelwe ngamafreyimu.
Kulokhu, ingoma ethi "Symphony First" iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu. Umsebenzi wenziwa okokuqala sibonga umqhubi brilliant Gennady Rozhdestvensky. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lolu hlobo lomculo lwaluthandwa yiwo wonke umuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwe-classical kwakubhekwa njengokukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ingoma ethi "First Symphony" ayizange yenziwe kuma-opera aseSt. Petersburg naseMoscow. Isethulo salo senzeka endaweni yaseNizhny Novgorod.
Umsebenzi ka-Alfred Schnittke wawungowokuqala futhi wokuqala, ngoba wawungenayo imingcele yohlobo nesitayela. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1970, umpetha wethule i-Concerto Grosso No. 1 kubalandeli bomculo wakudala. Ingoma ethulwayo yaphakamisa umdali wayo. U-Alfred Schnittke waduma ngale kwemingcele yezwe lakubo.
U-Schnittke wayethathekile nge-polystylistics. Wakhuthazwa wumsindo wengoma yesintu. Ihlatshwe umxhwele yimisebenzi enjalo, umpetha wabhala uDer Sonnengesang des Franz von Assisi. Izithameli ebezifuna ngenkani zamukele ingoma entsha ngentshiseko.
U-Alfred Schnittke: Izingoma Ezintsha
Ngokushesha ukwethulwa kwengoma ethi "Second Symphony" kwenzeka, futhi kwalandela abanye abaningi. Ngawo lowo nyaka wavakashela Paris Opera. Wabamba iqhaza ekukhiqizweni kwe-opera ethi The Queen of Spades.
Ngemuva kokuthi u-Algis Žiuraitis efunde ukuthi i-opera ihlela ukudlala i-Queen of Spades, washicilela isihloko esivusa inkanuko. Umqhubi weBolshoi Theatre, uLyubimov, akazange akhululwe e-USSR ukuze aqhube ukuqeqeshwa kokugqoka. Ngakho, i-premiere ye-opera ethi The Queen of Spades ayizange ibe khona. Kuphela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, umqondo wabadali wahunyushwa waba ngokoqobo. Umbukiso wokuqala wenziwa eKarlsruhe. Ekupheleni kwawo-1990, abadlali bemidlalo yaseshashalazini baseMoscow bajabulela ukukhiqizwa kwe-opera ethi The Queen of Spades.
Isiqongo sokuduma komqambi
Kuyavunywa ukuthi inani eliphakeme lokuthandwa kukaSchnittke lalingama-1980s ekhulwini elidlule. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho i-maestro yashicilela khona i-cantata Umlando kaDkt. Johann Faust. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Schnittke wasebenza ekudaleni ukwakheka okwethulwe iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Abagxeki kanye nabathandi be-maestro bamukele ngokulinganayo le nto entsha.
Maphakathi nawo-1980, i-maestro yashicilela i-Cello Concerto No. Ngemva konyaka, wabe esehlanganyela imisebenzi ekhaliphile ye-Fifth Symphony ne-Concerto Grosso No. 1. Kamuva, kwaphuma ipeni lakhe:
- "Amakhwaya amathathu emithandazo yama-Orthodox";
- "Ikhonsathi yekhwaya exubile emavesini kaG. Narekatsi";
- "Izinkondlo Zokuphenduka".
Ikhono lomqambi okhaliphile laziswa ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi washiya ifa elicebile. Wabhala ama-ballet nama-opera, amakhonsathi angaphezu kweshumi nambili, ama-symphonies ayisishiyagalolunye, amakhonsathi e-violin amane. Ube nenani elikhulu lomculo ohambisana ne-opera nezithombe ezinyakazayo.
Maphakathi nawo-1980, ithalenta likaSchnittke laqashelwa ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu. Waba "Umculi Ohlonishwayo we-RSFSR". Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqambi uye waphatha ngokuphindaphindiwe imiklomelo ehlonishwayo nemiklomelo ezandleni zakhe.
Imininingwane yokuphila komuntu siqu komqambi u-Alfred Schnittke
Naphezu kokuphila okumatasa kokudala, uSchnittke wathola isikhathi sothando. Washada kabili. Ukuhlangana komndeni kokuqala kwenzeka esemncane. Kwakuwuthando ekuqaleni. Unkosikazi womqambi odumile kwakuyintombazane okuthiwa uGalina Koltsova. Umndeni awuzange uhlale isikhathi eside. Ngokushesha bahlukanisa.
Egameni lothando, uSchnittke wephula izimiso zokufundisa. Wathandana nomfundi wakhe u-Irina Kataeva. I-maestro yakhangwa ubuhle obungajwayelekile bentombazane. Ngokushesha umkhaya wanda ngomuntu oyedwa. U-Irina wazala indlalifa yomqambi. Indodana yayibizwa ngokuthi u-Andrew.
U-Schnittke wathi ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi u-Ira Kataeva wayewuthando lokuphila kwakhe. Umndeni wawuphila ngokuzwana nothando. Lo mbhangqwana wawungenakuhlukaniswa kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwe-maestro edumile.
Amaqiniso anentshisekelo
- Waqamba umculo wamafilimu angaphezu kuka-30.
- Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, u-Alfred waklonyeliswa uMklomelo Lenin. Kodwa wenqaba ngezizathu zomuntu siqu.
- Enye ye-philharmonics, etholakala eSaratov, iqanjwe ngo-Alfred Schnittke.
- Kuye kwenziwa amafilimu amaningana e-autobiographical mayelana nempilo ye-maestro edumile.
- Umqambi washona eJalimane, kodwa wangcwatshwa enhloko-dolobha yaseRussia.
Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila komqambi
Ngo-1985, uMaestro washaywa unhlangothi izikhathi eziningana. Impilo yomqambi odumile yawohloka, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, waqhubeka nokusebenza kanzima. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, yena nomkakhe bathuthela ensimini yaseHamburg. Lapho umqambi wafundisa esikoleni esiphakeme.
Ngo-August 1998, i-maestro yahlaselwa esinye isifo sohlangothi, esabangela ukufa. Agasti 3, 1998 wafa. Umzimba kaSchnittke uphumula emathuneni aseNovodevichy eMoscow.
