Igalelo elenziwe uChristoph Willibald von Gluck ekuthuthukiseni umculo wakudala kunzima ukulibukela phansi. Ngesinye isikhathi, i-maestro yakwazi ukuwuphendulela phansi umqondo wezingoma ze-opera. Abantu besikhathi sakhe bambona njengomdali wangempela nomsunguli omusha.
Wakha isitayela esisha ngokuphelele sokusebenza. Wakwazi ukuya phambili ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko baseYurophu iminyaka eminingana ezayo. Kwabaningi, wayeyigunya ngokungangabazeki nesithixo. Wathonya umsebenzi kaBerlioz noWagner.
Ubuntwana bukaMaestro
Usuku lokuzalwa lukangqondongqondo lungolwesibili kuJuni 1714. Wazalelwa edolobhaneni lesifundazwe lase-Erasbach, elalisendaweni eseduze nedolobha laseBerching.
Abazali bakhe babengahlobene nokudala. Inhloko yomndeni ayikwazanga ukuthola ubizo lwayo isikhathi eside. Wasebenza ebuthweni lezempi, wazizama njengomgcini wamahlathi futhi waze wazama nokusebenza njengobhusha. Ngenxa yokuthi ubaba akawutholanga umsebenzi unomphela, umkhaya waphoqeleka ukuba ushintshe indawo yokuhlala izikhathi eziningana. Ngokushesha uGluck wathuthela nabazali bakhe eCzech Bohemia.
Abazali, naphezu kokuba matasa futhi bempofu, bazama ukunikela isikhathi esiphezulu enganeni. Baqaphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi indodana yabo yayithandeka kanjani emculweni. Ikakhulukazi, inhloko yomkhaya yahlatshwa umxhwele indlela indodana yayo eyizingcweti ezidlala ngayo izinsimbi zomculo kalula.
Ubaba wayemelene kakhulu noChristophe ekwenzeni umculo. Ngaleso sikhathi, wathola umsebenzi waphakade wokuba umqondisi wehlathi, futhi ngokwemvelo wayefuna indodana yakhe iqhubeke nomsebenzi wayo. Lapho esemusha, uGluck wayesiza uyise njalo emsebenzini, futhi ngokushesha lo mfana wangena ekolishi lamaJesuit edolobheni laseCzech laseChomutov.
Iminyaka yentsha
Wayeyinsizwa ehlakaniphile. Kwakulula ngokufanayo kuye ukuba aqonde ngqo kanye nobuntu. UGluck naye walalela izilimi eziningana zakwamanye amazwe.
Ngaphezu kokufunda kahle izifundo eziyisisekelo, wafundela umculo. Njengokungathi uyise wayengayifuni, kodwa emculweni, uGluck wayengumpetha wangempela. Kakade esekolishi, wafunda ukudlala izinsimbi zomculo ezinhlanu.
Uchithe iminyaka emi-5 ekolishi. Abazali babebheke ngabomvu ukubuya kwezingane zabo ekhaya, kodwa kwavela ukuthi ungumuntu onenkani. Ngemva kokuphothula esikhungweni semfundo, wanquma ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe, kodwa kakade esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme.
Ngo-1732 waba umfundi eNyuvesi yasePrague ehlonishwayo. Le nsizwa yakhetha i-Faculty of Philosophy. Abazali abazange bayiseke indodana yabo kulolu hlelo. Bamncisha uxhaso lwezimali. Insizwa yayingenayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokuzondla.
Ngaphandle kwamakhonsathi abelokhu ewabambe njalo, ubuye waba ngumculi ekwayeni yebandla iSt. Lapho wahlangana noChernogorsky, owamfundisa izisekelo zokuqamba.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uGluck uzama isandla sakhe ekuqambeni imisebenzi yomculo. Imizamo yokuqala yokuqamba izingoma ayikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi iphumelele. Kodwa, uChristophe wanquma ukungahoxi emgomweni wakhe. Kuzothatha isikhathi eside impela, futhi bazokhuluma naye ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele.
Ukuqala komsebenzi wokudala womqambi
Wahlala ePrague iminyaka embalwa kuphela. Khona-ke uChristoph wahamba ukuze abuyisane nenhloko yomndeni, futhi wabekwa ezandleni zeNkosana uPhilip von Lobkowitz. Ngaleso sikhathi ubaba kaGluck wayesenkonzweni yenkosana.
U-Lobkowitz wakwazi ukwazisa ithalenta lethalenta elincane. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, wenza uChristophe isithembiso ayengenakusenqaba. Iqiniso liwukuthi lo mculi osemusha wathatha indawo ye-chorister endlini yesonto kanye nomculi wekamelo e-Lobkowitz Palace eVienna.
Ekugcineni, uChristophe waphila ukuphila ayekuthanda. Esikhundleni sakhe esisha, wazizwa evumelana ngangokunokwenzeka. Ababhali bezinto eziphilayo bakholelwa ukuthi kusukela kulesi sikhathi lapho indlela yokudala ye-maestro engenakuqhathaniswa iqala.
I-Vienna ibilokhu imkhanga, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona lapho izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezobuciko zenzeka. Naphezu kobuhle baseVienna, uChristophe akazange ahlale isikhathi eside endaweni entsha.
Ngesinye isikhathi isicebi se-philanthropist u-A. Melzi savakashela isigodlo senkosi. Lapho uGluck eqala ukudlala umculo, wonke umuntu owayeseduze waquleka, ebuka umculi onethalente. Ngemva komdlalo, uMelzi waya kule nsizwa wayimema ukuba ithuthele eMilan. Endaweni entsha, wathatha isikhundla somculi wegumbi endlini yesonto yasekhaya.
Inkosana ayizange imise uGluck, yaze yasekela umculi ngokuthuthela eMilan. Ubeyisazi esikhulu somculo. Inkosana imphathe kahle uGluck, futhi imfisa ngobuqotho ukuthi athuthuke.
Ukuze enze imisebenzi endaweni entsha, uChristophe waqala ngo-1837. Lesi sikhathi singabizwa ngokuphephile ngokuthi siyathela. Ngamagama okudala, i-maestro yaqala ukukhula ngokushesha.
EMilan, wathatha izifundo zokuqamba kothisha abavelele. Wasebenza kanzima futhi wanikela isikhathi sakhe esiningi emculweni. Ekuqaleni kwawo-40, uGluck wayeseyazi kahle izimiso zokubhala izingoma. Izoyifikisa ezingeni elisha maduze nje. Bazokhuluma ngaye njengomqambi othembisayo.
Isethulo se-opera yokuqala
Ngokushesha wandisa i-repertoire yakhe nge-opera yakhe yokuqala. Sikhuluma ngengoma ethi "Aritahishashita". Ukwethulwa komsebenzi womculo kwenzeka eMilan efanayo, endaweni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseReggio Ducal.
I-opera yamukelwe ngemfudumalo izethameli nabagxeki bomculo abanegunya. Isihlabani esisha sikhanyisiwe emhlabeni womculo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukubuyekezwa okufushane kokudalwa kokuqala komqambi kwenziwa emaphephandabeni amaningana. Kamuva, yadlalwa ezinkundleni zeshashalazi eziningana e-Italy. Impumelelo ishukumise i-maestro ukuthi ibhale imisebenzi emisha.
Waqala ukuphila okumatasa. Umsebenzi wakhe wawuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokubhalwa kwemisebenzi ekhaliphile. Ngakho, phakathi nalesi sikhathi, Christophe washicilela 9 opera ezifanele. I-elite yase-Italy yakhuluma ngaye ngenhlonipho.
Igunya likaGluck lakhula ngengoma entsha ayibhala. Ngakho, abameleli bakwamanye amazwe baqala ukumthinta. Into eyodwa bekulindeleke kuChristophe - ukubhala ama-opera ethiyetha ethile.
Maphakathi nawo-40s, iNkosi uMildron ohloniphekile, ngaleso sikhathi owayephethe i-opera yase-Italy ye-Royal Theatre edumile "Haymarket", waphendukela ku-Gluck ukuze athole usizo. Wayefuna ukujwayelanisa umphakathi ngomsebenzi walowo ogama lakhe lalidume kakhulu e-Italy. Kuvele ukuthi lolu hambo alubalulekile kangako ku-maestro uqobo.
Ensimini yaseLondon, waba nenhlanhla yokuhlangana no-Handel. Ngaleso sikhathi, le yakamuva yayibhalwe njengomunye wabaqambi be-opera abanamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Umsebenzi we-Handel wenza isithombe esimnandi kakhulu kuChristophe. Ngendlela, ama-opera kaGluck adlalwa esiteji semidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseNgilandi amukelwa ngokubandayo yizilaleli. Izithameli zibonakale zingenandaba nomsebenzi we-maestro.
U-Christoph Willibald von Gluck ohambweni
Ngemva kokuvakashela indawo yaseNgilandi, uChristophe wayengahlosile ukuphumula. Wachitha eminye iminyaka eyisithupha esohambweni. Akazange nje wethule ama-opera amadala kubathandi bomculo wasendulo baseYurophu, kodwa futhi wabhala imisebenzi emisha. Kancane kancane, igama lakhe lazuza ukubaluleka emazweni amaningi aseYurophu.
Lolu hambo lwaluhlanganisa cishe zonke izihloko zamasiko zaseYurophu. Inzuzo enkulu yayiwukuthi wayekwazi ukuxhumana nabanye abantu bezamasiko, eshintshisana nabo ngolwazi oluyigugu.
EseDresden esiteji semidlalo yeshashalazi yasendaweni, wadlala umculo othi "The Wedding of Hercules and Hebe", kwathi eVienna kwadlalwa i-opera ekhaliphile ye-maestro ethi "Recognized Semiramide". Ukukhiqiza, kube nesandla, okuhlanganisa izinguquko empilweni yomuntu siqu. UGluck waphaphatheka ngokoqobo. Wayegcwele imizwa ecace kakhulu.
Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-50s, wamukela isipho esivela kusomabhizinisi u-Giovanni Locatelli ukujoyina iqembu lakhe. Ngalesi sikhathi, uthola i-oda elisha. Wayalwa ukuba abhale i-opera ethi Ezio. Lapho umdlalo udlalwa, umqambi waya eNaples. Akafikanga engenalutho. I-opera entsha kaChristophe yadlalwa esiteji semidlalo yeshashalazi yasendaweni. Sikhuluma ngendalo "Isihe sikaThithu".
Isikhathi saseVienna
Ngemva kokuba eqale umndeni, wabhekana nokukhetha okunzima - umqambi kwakudingeka anqume ukuthi iyiphi indawo yena nomkakhe ababezohlala kuyo ngokuqhubekayo. Ukukhethwa kwe-maestro, yiqiniso, kwawela eVienna. Izicukuthwane zase-Austria zamamukela ngokufudumele uChristoph. Izikhulu eziphakeme zazinethemba lokuthi uChristoph wayezobhala izingoma eziningi ezingafi endaweni yaseVienna.
Ngokushesha u-maestro wathola isipho esivela kuJoseph waseSaxe-Hildburghausen ngokwakhe, wathatha isikhundla esisha - isikhundla somphathi weqembu esigodlweni salowo uJosefa. I-Weekly Gluck ihlele lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "izikole". Wabe esekhushulelwa esikhundleni. UChristophe waqokwa njengebhendi yeqembu le-opera e-Court Burgtheatre.
Lesi sikhathi sempilo kaGluck sasishube kakhulu. Ngenxa yesimiso esimatasa, impilo yakhe yanyakaziswa kakhulu. Wasebenza endaweni yaseshashalazini, waqamba imisebenzi emisha, futhi akazange akhohlwe ukujabulisa abalandeli bomsebenzi wakhe ngamakhonsathi avamile.
Ngalesi sikhathi wasebenza kuma-seria opera. Esengene shí kulolu hlobo lomculo, kancane kancane waqala ukudumazeka ngalo. Umqambi uqale wadumala ngokuthi lezi zingoma azinawo umdlalo. Umgomo wabo kwakuwukuqinisekisa ukuthi abaculi bayakwazi ukukhombisa izilaleli amakhono abo ezwi. Lokhu kwaphoqa i-maestro ukuthi iphendukele kwezinye izinhlobo.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-60s, kwethulwa i-opera entsha yomqambi. Sikhuluma ngokudalwa kwe "Orpheus and Eurydice". Namuhla, abagxeki abaningi bayaqinisekisa ukuthi i-opera ethulwayo iwumsebenzi ongcono kakhulu wokulungisa we-Gluck.
Imininingwane yempilo yomuntu siqu ka-Christoph Willibald von Gluck
UGluck waba nenhlanhla yokuhlangana nalowo owathatha indawo ekhethekile empilweni yakhe. Washada noMaria Anna Bergin. Umbhangqwana washada ngo-1750. Owesifazane uyakuhlala nomyeni wakhe kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe.
UChristoph wayemthanda umkakhe nabangane bakhe. Naphezu kwesimiso esimatasa, wawunaka kakhulu umkhaya wakhe. Baphendule u-maestro ngokubuyisela. Kumkakhe, uGluck wayengeyena nje umyeni omangalisayo, kodwa futhi umngane.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana ne-maestro
- Wayenabafundi abaningi. Uhlu lwabavelele kakhulu luholwa nguSalieri.
- Ngesikhathi esohambweni eNgilandi, wenza izingcezu zomculo ku-harmonica yengilazi yomklamo wakhe.
- Wayezibona enenhlanhla, ngoba, ngokukaGluck, wayezungezwe abantu abalungile kuphela.
- I-maestro yangena emlandweni njengomshicileli we-operatic.
Iminyaka Yokugcina KaChristoph Willibald von Gluck
Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-70, wathuthela endaweni Paris. Ababhali bokuphila kwabo bakholelwa ukuthi kwakuphakathi "nenkathi yaseParis" lapho aqamba khona ingxenye yengonyama yezincwadi ezingafi ezashintsha imibono ngomculo we-opera. Maphakathi nawo-70s, i-premiere ye-opera Iphigenia e-Aulis yenzeka.
Ekupheleni kwawo-70, waphoqeleka ukuba athuthele eVienna. Iqiniso liwukuthi impilo ye-maestro iye yawohloka kakhulu. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe wahlala edolobheni lakubo. I-Glitch ayizange iye ndawo. I-maestro ehlakaniphile yafa ngoNovemba 15, 1787.
