UDuke Ellington uyinhlangano yenkolo yekhulu lama-XNUMX. Umqambi we-jazz, umhleli kanye nomshayi wepiyano banikeze umhlaba womculo izingoma ezingapheli.
U-Ellington wayenesiqiniseko sokuthi umculo yiwo osiza ukuphazamisa ukuphithizela kanye nesimo esibi. Umculo onesigqi ojabulisayo, ikakhulukazi i-jazz, uthuthukisa isimo sengqondo ngaphezu kwakho konke. Akumangazi ukuthi izingoma zikaDuke Ellington zisadumile nanamuhla.
Ubuntwana nobusha buka-Edward Kennedy
Edward Kennedy (igama langempela umculi) wazalelwa enhliziyweni United States of America - Washington. Lesi senzakalo senzeka ngo-April 29, 1899. U-Edward waba nenhlanhla ngoba wazalelwa emndenini wenkomishi yaseWhite House uJames Edward Ellington nomkakhe uDaisy Kennedy Ellington. Ngenxa yesikhundla sikayise, umfana wakhulela emndenini ocebile. Wayebiywe kuzo zonke izinkinga ezazihambisana nabantu abamnyama ngalezo zinsuku.
Eseyingane, umama wayeyikhulisa ngenkuthalo indodana yakhe. Wamfundisa ukudlala ama-keyboard, okwamsiza wafaka ku-Edward uthando lomculo. Lapho eneminyaka engu-9, u-Kennedy Jr. waqala ukufunda nomuntu oneziqu.
Ngokushesha umfana waqala ukubhala imisebenzi yakhe siqu. Ngo-1914 wabhala ingoma ethi Soda Fontaine Rag. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi kwakungenzeka ukuqaphela ukuthi umculo womdanso awuyona into engavamile ku-Edward.
Wabe eselindelwe isikole esikhethekile sobuciko. U-Edward wakhumbula lesi sikhathi - wayethanda isimo sokudala ekilasini. Ngemva kokuphothula iziqu, wathola umsebenzi wokuba umdwebi wezithombe.
Umsebenzi wokuqala walethela umfana imali enhle, kodwa into eyinhloko ukuthi wayeyithanda kakhulu inqubo yokudala amaphosta. U-Edward Kennedy wayethenjwa njalo ngemiyalo evela kubaphathi bezwe. Kodwa ngokushesha waqaphela ukuthi umculo wayewuthakasela ngaphezu kwakho konke. Ngenxa yokucabanga okuningi, u-Edward wayeka ubuciko, wenqaba ngisho nesikhundla ePratt Institute.
Kusukela ngo-1917, u-Edward wangena emkhakheni womculo. U-Kennedy wayeziphilisa ngokudlala upiyano ngenkathi efunda ama-nuances wobuciko kubaculi be-metropolitan professional.
Indlela yokudala kaDuke Ellington
Kakade ngo-1919, u-Edward wadala iqembu lakhe lokuqala lomculo. Ngaphezu kuka-Kennedy, iqembu elisha lalihlanganisa:
- i-saxophonist u-Otto Hardwick;
- umshayi wezigubhu uSonny Greer;
- Arthur Watsol.
Ngokushesha inhlanhla yamamatheka kubaculi abancane. Ukusebenza kwabo kwezwakala ngumnikazi wendawo yokucima ukoma yaseNew York, owafika enhloko-dolobha ngebhizinisi. Uthuswe wumdlalo weqembu. Ngemva kwekhonsathi, umnikazi wendawo yokucima ukoma wanikeza abafana ukuthi basayine inkontileka. Imigomo yenkontileka ibithi abaculi kumele bacule endaweni yokucima ukoma ngemali ethile. Ithimba likaKennedy lavuma. Ngokushesha base bedlala ngokugcwele eBarron's njengequartet yamaWashingtonians.
Ekugcineni, saqala ukukhuluma ngabaculi. Njengoba sekwandile ababukeli baleli qembu, sebeqalile ukudlala nezinye izindawo. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu ngokuvamile beza "Hollywood Club", etholakala Times Square. Cishe yonke imali uKennedy ayichitha kwezemfundo. Wathatha izifundo zepiyano kubefundisi basendaweni bomculo.
Iphuzu lokuguqula umsebenzi
Ukuphumelela kwe-quartet kwavumela abaculi ukuthi bahlangane nabantu abanethonya. Isikhwama sikaKennedy sasigcwele izikweletu. Manje umculi osemusha wayegqoke ngokugqamile nangesitayela. Amalungu eqembu amnike isiteketiso esithi "Duke" (elihunyushwa ngokuthi "Duke").
Maphakathi nawo-1920, u-Edward wahlangana no-Irwin Mills. Ngemva kwesikhashana, waba umphathi womculi. Kwakungu-Irwin owaphakamisa ukuthi u-Kennedy ashintshe indlela yakhe yokudala futhi athathe i-pseudonym yokudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMills weluleka u-Edward ukuthi akhohlwe igama elithi "Washingtonians" futhi acule ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Duke Ellington kanye ne-Orchestra Yakhe".
Ngo-1927, uKennedy nethimba lakhe bathuthela eNew York's Cotton Club jazz club. Lesi sikhathi sibonakala ngokuzikhandla kumculo weqembu. Ngokushesha abaculi bakhipha izingoma ezithi Creole Love Call, Blackand Tan Fantasy nethi The Mooche.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1920, uDuke Ellington kanye ne-Orchestra Yakhe badlala eFlorenz Ziegfeld Musical Theatre. Khona-ke ingoma yomculo wehlelo i-Mood Indigo yaqoshwa ku-RCA Records studio yokuqopha. Ezinye izingoma zaleli qembu bezivame ukuzwakala emisakazweni yakuleli.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, leli qembu lahamba ohambweni lokuqala lwe-Ellington Jazz Ensemble. Ngo-1932, uDuke nethimba lakhe benza e-Columbia University.
Isiqongo Sokuduma kukaDuke Ellington
Abagxeki bomculo babheka ekuqaleni kwawo-1930 njengenani eliphakeme lomsebenzi womculo kaDuke Ellington. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho lo mculi ekhiphe izingoma ezithi Ayisho lutho nethi Abathanda Inkanyezi.
Abagxeki bathi uDuke Ellington waba “ubaba” wohlobo lokushwiba, ebhala izingoma ezithi Stormy Weather nethi Sophisticated Lady ngo-1933. U-Kennedy wakwazi ukwenza umsindo oyingqayizivele, azi izici zomculo ngamunye. UDuke uqoke ikakhulukazi umshayi we-saxophonist uJohnny Hodges, umshayi wecilongo uFrank Jenkins, kanye nomdlali we-trombonist uJuan Tizol.
Ngawo lowo 1933, uDuke neqembu lakhe bahamba ohambweni lwabo lokuqala lwaseYurophu. Bekuyisigameko esingasoze salibaleka empilweni yabaculi. Iqembu lidlale ehholo lekhonsathi elidumile laseLondon "Palladium".
Ngemva kohambo lwaseYurophu, abaculi babengeke baphumule. Iqiniso lokuthi bamukelwa cishe kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu lakhuthaza ukuqhubeka nokuvakasha.
Kulokhu bacula eNingizimu naseNyakatho Melika. Ekupheleni kohambo, u-Ellington wethule ithrekhi, eyaba yingoma esheshayo. Sikhuluma ngengoma yomculo i-Caravan. Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwengoma, uDuke waba ngumqambi osungulwe waseMelika.
Inkinga yokudala
Ngokushesha, uDuke waba nenhlekelele yomuntu siqu. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngo-1935 unina washona. Lo mculi uphatheke kabi ngokulahlekelwa ngumuntu osondelene naye. Wayegajwe ukucindezeleka. "Inkathi" yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi inhlekelele yokudala isifikile.
Umculo kuphela ongabuyisela uKennedy empilweni evamile. Umculi wabhala ingoma ethi Reminisсing in Tempo, eyayihluke kakhulu kukho konke ayekubhale ngaphambili.
Ngo-1936, uDuke waqala ukubhala amaphuzu omculo wefilimu. Ubhale iculo lefilimu eqondiswe nguSam Wood nosomahlaya abalingiswa iMarx Brothers. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, wasebenza isikhathi esithile njengomqhubi wePhilharmonic Symphony Orchestra, eyayicula eSt. Regis Hotel.
Ngo-1939, abaculi abasha bangena eqenjini likaDuke Ellington. Sikhuluma ngomdlali we-tenor saxophonist uBen Webster kanye no-Jimm Blanton oshaya ibhesi kabili. Ukufika kwabaculi kuthuthukise kuphela umsindo wezingoma. Lokhu kugqugquzele uDuke ukuthi aye kolunye uhambo lwaseYurophu. Ngokushesha, ithalente likaKennedy nezingoma zaqashelwa ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Imizamo kaDuke yaziswa uLeopold Stokowski nomqambi waseRussia u-Igor Stravinsky.
Imisebenzi kaDuke Ellington ngesikhathi sempi
Khona-ke umculi wabhala izingoma zefilimu ethi "Cabin in the Clouds". Ngo-1942, uDuke Ellington wabutha ihholo eligcwele eCarnegie Hall. Wanikela ngayo yonke imali ayeyithola ekusebenzeni ukuze asekele i-USSR phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili.
Lapho kuphela iMpi Yezwe II, isithakazelo sabantu emculweni, ikakhulukazi i-jazz, saqala ukuncipha. Abantu babecwile ekucindezelekeni, futhi, okuwukuphela kwento eyayibakhathaza kwakuyisimo sabo sezimali.
UDuke nethimba lakhe balokhu bentanta isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke isimo sezimali sikaKennedy saba sibi kakhulu, futhi akakwazanga ukukhokhela ukusebenza kwabaculi. Ithimba laphela ukuba khona. U-Ellington wazitholela imali eyengeziwe. Waqala ukubhala umculo wamafilimu.
Yize kunjalo lo mculi akazange alilahle ithemba lokubuyela ku-jazz. Futhi wakwenza ngo-1956, ngendlela emangalisayo futhi emangalisa. Lo mculi unandise kwifestivali yomculo eNewport. Ngosizo lomhleli uWilliam Strayhorn nabadlali abasha, u-Ellington wajabulisa abathandi bomculo ngezingoma ezifana nethi Lady Mac kanye neHalf the Fun. Ngokuthakazelisayo, izingoma zazisekelwe emisebenzini kaShakespeare.
Kodwa ngawo-1960 kwavula umoya omusha kumculi. Lesi sikhathi kwakuyinani eliphakeme lesibili lokuthandwa emsebenzini kaDuke. Lo mculi uklonyeliswe ngezindondo ezingu-11 zeGrammy kulandelana.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960, u-Ellington waklonyeliswa nge-Order of Freedom. Indondo inikezwe umculi nguMengameli wase-United States of America, uRichard Nixon. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, uDuke wanikezwa umklomelo nguMongameli omusha waseMelika, uLyndon Johnson.
UDuke Ellington: impilo yomuntu siqu
UDuke washada eneminyaka engu-19. Unkosikazi wokuqala womculi kwakungu-Edna Thompson. Ngokumangalisayo, u-Ellington wayehlala emshadweni nalo wesifazane kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. Lo mbhangqwana waba nendodana, uMercer, owazalwa ngo-1919.
Ukufa kukaDuke Ellington
Umculi waqala ukuzizwa engaphathekile kahle ngenkathi esebenza engomeni yefilimu ethi Mind Exchange. Izimpawu zokuqala azizange zidale ukukhathazeka okukhulu kukaDuke.
Ngo-1973, osaziwayo bathola ukuxilongwa okudumazayo - umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ngemva konyaka, uDuke waba nenyumoniya, futhi isimo sakhe saba sibi kakhulu.
NgoMeyi 24, 1974, uDuke Ellington washona. Lo mculi odumile wangcwatshwa ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva emathuneni amadala aseNew York, iWoodlawn, eliseBronx.
UJazzman waklonyeliswa ngokufa kwakhe uMklomelo wePulitzer. Ngo-1976, iSikhungo esiqanjwe ngaye sasungulwa. Ekamelweni ungabona izithombe eziningi zomculi.
