Ehlonishwa emhlabeni wonke ngokuthi "Inkosikazi Yokuqala Yengoma", u-Ella Fitzgerald ngokungangabazeki ungomunye wabaculi besifazane abakhulu kunabo bonke abake baba khona. Njengoba enikezwe izwi elinomsindo ophezulu, uhla olubanzi nesichazamazwi esiphelele, uFitzgerald wayebuye abe nomuzwa ohlakaniphile wokushwiba, futhi ngekhono lakhe lokucula elikhaliphile wayekwazi ukumelana nanoma yibaphi abantu besikhathi sakhe.
Waqale waduma njengelungu lebhendi eyayihlelwe umshayi wezigubhu uChick Webb ngeminyaka yawo-1930. Ndawonye baqopha ingoma ethi "A-Tisket, A-Tasket", kwathi ngawo-1940, u-Ella wahlonishwa kakhulu ngokudlala kwakhe i-jazz ku-Jazz ebhendini ye-Philharmonic ne-Dizzy Gillespie's Big Band.
Esebenza nomdidiyeli kanye nomphathi wetoho u-Norman Grantz, uthole ukuqashelwa okwengeziwe ngochungechunge lwakhe lwama-albhamu adalwe esitudiyo sokuqopha sase-Verve. I-studio yasebenza nabaqambi abahlukahlukene, ababizwa ngokuthi "Ababhali Bezingoma Abakhulu baseMelika".
Emsebenzini wakhe weminyaka engu-50, u-Ella Fitzgerald uthole imiklomelo ye-Grammy engu-13, wathengisa ama-albhamu angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40, futhi wathola imiklomelo eminingi kuhlanganise neNdondo Kazwelonke Yezobuciko kanye Nendondo Kamongameli Yenkululeko.
UFitzgerald, njengomuntu obaluleke ngokwedlulele kwezamasiko, ube nomthelela ongenakulinganiswa ekuthuthukisweni kwe-jazz nomculo odumile futhi useyinqaba kubalandeli namaciko emashumini eminyaka ngemva kokusuka kwakhe esiteji.
Intombazane yasinda kanjani ebunzimeni nokulahlekelwa okubi kakhulu
UFitzgerald wazalwa ngo-1917 eNewport News, eVirginia. Ukhulele emndenini osebenzayo eYonkers, eNew York. Abazali bakhe bahlukana ngemva nje kokuzalwa kwakhe, futhi wakhuliswa kakhulu ngumama wakhe uTemperance "Tempy" Fitzgerald kanye nesoka likamama uJoseph "Joe" Da Silva.
Le ntombazane yayinodadewabo omncane, uFrances, owazalwa ngo-1923. Ukuze asize umndeni ngokwezimali, uFitzgerald wayevame ukuthola imali ngemisebenzi eyinqaba, kuhlanganise nokwenza imali ngezikhathi ezithile ukubheja abagembuli bendawo.
Njengomuntu osemusha ozethemba ngokweqile, u-Ella wayekhuthele kwezemidlalo futhi evame ukudlala imidlalo yasendaweni ye-baseball. Ethonywe umama wakhe, waphinde wajabulela ukucula nokudansa, futhi wachitha amahora amaningi ecula ehambisana namarekhodi ka-Bing Crosby, uConna Boswell kanye nodade bakwaBoswell. Intombazane nayo yayivame ukugibela isitimela futhi iye edolobheni eliseduze ukuyobuka uhlelo nabangane e-Apollo Theatre eHarlem.
Ngo-1932, unina washona ngenxa yokulimala engozini yemoto. Edumele kakhulu ngokulahlekelwa, uFitzgerald wadlula enkathini enzima. Khona-ke wayelokhu eqa esikoleni futhi wangena enkingeni namaphoyisa.
Ngemva kwalokho wathunyelwa esikoleni sezinguquko, lapho u-Ella ahlukunyezwa khona abaqaphi bakhe. Ekugcineni egqashula ejele, wagcina eseNew York phakathi Nokucindezeleka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho.
Naphezu kwabo bonke ubunzima, u-Ella Fitzgerald wasebenza ngoba ephishekela iphupho lakhe nothando olungenakulinganiswa lokudlala.
Imincintiswano kanye nokunqoba Ella Fitzgerald
Ngo-1934, wangenela futhi wawina umncintiswano wezimfundamakhwela e-Apollo, ecula "Judy" kaHody Carmichael ngesitayela sesithixo sakhe, uConne Boswell. Umculi we-Saxophonist u-Benny Carter wayeneqembu ngalobo busuku, ethatha umculi osemusha ngaphansi kwephiko lakhe futhi emkhuthaza ukuthi aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe.
Kwalandela imiqhudelwano eminingi, kwathi ngo-1935 uFitzgerald wawina isonto lonke noTeeny Bradshaw e-Harlem Opera House. Lapho, wahlangana nesigubhu esinamandla uChick Webb, owavuma ukumzama neqembu lakhe eYale. Uhehe isixuku futhi wachitha iminyaka embalwa eyalandela nomdlali wesigubhu owaba umnakekeli wakhe osemthethweni futhi wahlela kabusha uhlelo lwakhe ukuze afake lo mculi osemusha.
Udumo laleli qembu lwakhula kakhulu ngabakwaFitzgeralds njengoba babebusa impi yamaqembu eSavoy, futhi bakhipha uchungechunge lwemisebenzi ku-Decca 78s, beshaya i-"A Tisket-A-Tasket" ngo-1938 kanye nethi "T" aint Okwenzayo (Kuyindlela Okwenza Ngayo)", kanye no-"Liza" kanye "no-Undecided".
Njengoba umsebenzi womculi ukhula, impilo kaWebb yaqala ukuwohloka. Eminyakeni yakhe engamashumi amathathu, lo mshayi wesigubhu, obenenkinga yofuba lomgogodla impilo yakhe yonke, empeleni usekhathele ukukhathala ngemuva kokudlala imidlalo ebukhoma. Nokho, waqhubeka esebenza, enethemba lokuthi iqembu lakhe lizoqhubeka licula phakathi Nokucindezeleka Okukhulu Komnotho.
Ngo-1939, ngemva nje kokuhlinzwa okukhulu esibhedlela iJohns Hopkins eBaltimore, eMaryland, uWebb washona. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, uFitzgerald waqhubeka nokuhola iqembu lakhe ngempumelelo enkulu kwaze kwaba ngo-1941, lapho enquma ukuqala umsebenzi wakhe yedwa.
Amarekhodi amasha
Esekwilebula ye-Decca, uFitzgerald uphinde wahlanganyela ne-Ink Spots, uLouis Jordan kanye neDelta Rhythm Boys izingoma eziningi. Ngo-1946, u-Ella Fitzgerald waqala ukusebenzela umphathi we-jazz uNorman Grantz njalo ePhilharmonic.
Nakuba uFitzgerald wayevame ukubonwa njengomculi we-pop ngesikhathi sakhe noWebb, waqala ukuzama ukucula "scat". Le nqubo isetshenziswa ku-jazz lapho umculi elingisa izinsimbi zomculo ngezwi lakhe.
U-Fitzgerald wahlangana nebhendi enkulu ye-Dizzy Gillespie futhi ngokushesha wamukela i-bebop (isitayela se-jazz) njengengxenye ebalulekile yesithombe sakhe. Lo mculi uphinde wahlaphaza amasethi akhe abukhoma ngezinsimbi ezicula yedwa, okuyinto emangaze izethameli futhi yamenza wahlonishwa ngabaculi asebenza nabo.
Okurekhodiwe kwakhe kwe-"Lady Be Good", "How High the Moon" kanye ne-"Flying Home" kusukela ngo-1945-1947 kwakhululwa ngendlela ebabazekayo futhi kwasiza ukuqinisa isimo sakhe njengomculi omkhulu we-jazz.
Ukuphila komuntu siqu kuhlanganiswe nomsebenzi ka-Ella Fitzgerald
Ngesikhathi esebenza noGillespie, wahlangana nomculi webhesi uRay Brown futhi wamshada. URay wayehlala no-Ella kusukela ngo-1947 kuya ku-1953, lapho lo mculi wayevame ukucula nabathathu bakhe. Umbhangqwana waphinde wathola indodana, uRay Brown Jr. (owazalwa udadewabo kaFitzgerald uFrancis ngo-1949), owaqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe njengomdlali wopiyano kanye nomculi.
Ngo-1951, lo mculi wahlangana nomdlali wepiyano u-Ellis Larkins we-albhamu ye-Ella Sings Gershwin, lapho ahumusha khona izingoma zikaGeorge Gershwin.
Ilebula entsha - Verve
Ngemuva kokuvela kwakhe kuPete Kelly's The Blues ngo-1955, uFitzgerald wasayina nelebuli kaNorman Grantz's Verve. Umphathi wakhe osenesikhathi eside u-Granz uphakamise ngokuqondile u-Verve ngenjongo eyodwa yokubonisa kangcono izwi lakhe.
Kusukela ngo-1956 nge-Sings the Cole Porter Songbook, wayezoqopha uchungechunge olubanzi lwezincwadi Zezingoma, etolika umculo wabaqambi abakhulu baseMelika okuhlanganisa u-Cole Porter, uGeorge no-Ira Gershwin, uRodgers & Hart, uDuke Ellington, uHarold Arlen, uJerome Kern noJohnny. UMercer.
Ama-albhamu ahlonishwayo atholela uFitzgerald ama-Grammy amane okuqala ngo-1959 nango-1958 aphinde aphakamisa isimo sakhe njengomunye wabaculi abakhulu besikhathi sonke.
Ukukhishwa kokuqala kwalandelwa amanye ayesezoba ama-albhamu akudala, okuhlanganisa nengoma yakhe ehlangene yango-1956 noLouis Armstrong ethi "Ella & Louis", kanye neyango-1957 ethi Like Someone in Love kanye neka-1958 ethi "Porgy and Bess" kanye no-Armstrong.
Ngaphansi kukaGrantz, uFitzgerald wavakashela njalo, ekhipha ama-albhamu abukhoma ambalwa ahlonishwa kakhulu. Phakathi kwabo, ngawo-1960, umdlalo othi "Mack the Knife" lapho akhohlwa khona amazwi futhi wathuthukiswa. Enye yama-albhamu athengiswa kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe, "Ella in Berlin", yanikeza umculi ithuba lokuthola i-Grammy Award ye-Best Vocal Performance. I-albhamu kamuva yangeniswa eGrammy Hall of Fame ngo-1999.
UVerve wadayiselwa iMGM ngo-1963, kwathi ngo-1967 uFitzgerald wazithola esebenza ngaphandle kwenkontileka. Eminyakeni embalwa eyalandela, uqophe izingoma zamalebula amaningana njengeCapitol, Atlantic kanye neReprise. Ama-albhamu akhe aphinde avela eminyakeni edlule njengoba ebuyekeza ingoma yakhe ngezingoma ze-pop nezingoma ze-rock ezifana ne-Cream ethi "Sunshine of Your Love" kanye ne-Beatles' "Hey Jude".
Usebenzela iPablo Records
Nokho, iminyaka yakhe yakamuva yaphinde yaphawulwa ithonya likaGranz ngemva kokusungula ilebula elizimele elithi Pablo Records. I-albhamu ebukhoma ye-Jazz e-Santa Monica Civic '72, ehlanganisa u-Ella Fitzgerald, umdlali wopiyano u-Tommy Flanagan, kanye ne-Count Basie Orchestra, yazuza ukuduma ngokuthengisa kwama-oda e-imeyili futhi yasiza ukwethulwa kwelebula lika-Grantz.
Kwalandela ama-albhamu amaningi ngeminyaka yawo-70s kanye nama-80s, amaningi awo abhanqa umculi nabaculi abafana no-Basie, u-Oscar Peterson noJoe Pass.
Nakuba isifo sikashukela simphethe kabi emehlweni nenhliziyo, okumphoqa ukuthi athathe ikhefu ekudlaleni, uFitzgerald ubelokhu egcina isitayela sakhe esijabulisayo nomuzwa omuhle wokushwibeka. Ekude nesiteji, uzinikele ekusizeni intsha entulayo futhi wafaka isandla ezinhlanganweni ezisiza umphakathi.
Ngo-1979, uthole iNdondo Yokuhlonishwa esikhungweni seKennedy for the Performing Arts. Futhi ngo-1987, uMongameli uRonald Reagan wamklomelisa ngeNdondo Kazwelonke Yezobuciko.
Kwalandela eminye imiklomelo, okuhlanganisa nendondo ethi "Commander in Arts and Literacy" evela eFrance, kanye nenqwaba yeziqu zobudokotela ezivela eYale, Harvard, Dartmouth, nezinye izikhungo.
Ngemva kwekhonsathi eCarnegie Hall yaseNew York ngo-1991, wathatha umhlalaphansi. UFitzgerald washona ngoJuni 15, 1996 emzini wakhe eBeverly Hills, eCalifornia. Emashumini eminyaka selokhu ashona, isithunzi sikaFitzgerald njengomunye wabantu abanethonya kakhulu futhi abaqaphelekayo ku-jazz nasemculweni odumile sanda.
Usengusaziwayo emhlabeni wonke futhi usethole imiklomelo eminingi ngemva kokushona kwakhe, okuhlanganisa ne-Grammy kanye Nendondo Kamongameli Yenkululeko.
