UGustav Mahler ungumqambi, umculi we-opera, umqhubi. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, wakwazi ukuba omunye wabaqhubi abanamakhono kakhulu emhlabeni. Wayengummeleli walokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-post-Wagner emihlanu". Ithalenta lika-Mahler njengomqambi laqashelwa kuphela ngemva kokufa kwe-maestro.
Ifa lika-Mahler alicebile, futhi liqukethe izingoma nama-symphonies. Naphezu kwalokhu, uGustav Mahler namuhla ufakwe ohlwini lwabaqambi abacula kakhulu emhlabeni. Abaqondisi befilimu abanandaba nomsebenzi we-maestro. Imisebenzi yakhe ingazwakala kumafilimu nezinhlelo zesimanjemanje.
Umsebenzi kaGustav ibhuloho elixhuma uthando lwekhulu le-XNUMX kanye nesimanjemanje sekhulu lama-XNUMX. Imisebenzi ye-maestro yaphefumulela abanamakhono uBenjamin Britten noDmitri Shostakovich.
Ubuntwana nobusha
Inkosi idabuka eBohemia. Wazalwa ngo-1860. UGustav wakhulela emndenini wamaJuda. Abazali bakhulise izingane ezingu-8. Umkhaya wawuphila ngaphansi kwezimo eziphansi. Abazali babengahlanganise lutho nokudala.
UGustav wayehluke kancane kubantwana bentanga yakhe. Wayeyingane evaliwe. Lapho eneminyaka engu-4 ubudala, umkhaya wathuthela edolobheni Jihlava (empumalanga Czech Republic). Leli dolobha lalihlala amaJalimane. Lapha waqala wagcwala umsindo we-brass band. Abazali baqaphela ukuthi indodana yabo yayinendlebe enhle ngemva kokuba iphinde yacula ingoma ye-opera.
Ngokushesha wakwazi ukudlala upiyano. Lapho abazali bebona ukuthi uGustav angagqekeza abantu, bamqasha uthisha womculo. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi, wabhala incwadi yakhe yokuqala. Khona-ke waqala ukudlala esiteji esikhulu: wamenywa ukuba ahlanganyele emcimbini wemikhosi yedolobha.
Ngo-1874, baqala ukukhuluma ngaye njengomqambi othembisa ngempela. UGustav, owashaywa ukushona komfowabo, waqamba i-opera. Maye, umbhalo wesandla awukatholakali.
Wafunda ejimini. Esikhungweni semfundo, uMahler wafunda umculo nezincwadi kuphela, ngoba akukho okunye okwakumthakazelisa. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubaba walo mfana wayeka ukumbona njengomculi nomqambi. Wayefuna ukumshintshela emsebenzini onzima kakhulu. Inhloko yomndeni yazama ukudlulisela indodana yayo endaweni yokuzivocavoca yasePrague, kodwa imizamo yayo yaphumelela.
Ubaba wabe esethatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu. Ngokuphikisana nentando kaGustav, wamyisa eVienna. Inhloko yomndeni yanikela ngendodana yayo ngaphansi kokunakekelwa kukaJulius Epstein. Ubalule izinga eliphezulu likaMahler lobuchwepheshe. UJulius weluleka uGustav ukuba angene eVienna Conservatory. Le nsizwa yafunda ngaphansi kuka-Epstein ekilasini lepiyano.
Indlela yokudala yomqambi uGustav Mahler
UMahler wabhala kwenye yezincwadi zakhe eziya kumngane wakhe ukuthi iVienna isibe izwe lakhe lesibili. Lapha ukwazile ukuveza amandla akhe okudala. Ngo-1881 wabamba iqhaza emncintiswaneni waminyaka yonke we-Beethoven. Esiteji, inkosi yethula umsebenzi womculo othi "Lamentation Song" emphakathini onzima. Wayenethemba lokuthi nguyena ozowina. Kwakuyini ukudumala kwe-maestro lapho ukunqoba kuya kuRobert Fuchs.
Ngokungafani nabantu abaningi bokudala, ukwehluleka akuzange kumshukumisele uGustav ukuba enze esinye isinyathelo. Wacasuka kakhulu waze washiya nokubhala imisebenzi yomculo isikhashana. Umculi akazange aqale ukuphothula i-opera-tale eqalile "Ryubetsal".
Wathatha isikhundla somqhubi kwenye yemidlalo yaseshashalazini eLjubljana. Ngokushesha uGustav wathola umshado e-Olmutz. Waphoqeleka ukuthi avikele izimiso zikaWagnerian zobuholi be-orchestra. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka e-Karl Theatre. Eshashalazini wathatha isikhundla sokuba umculi wekwaya.
Ngo-1883, i-maestro yaba umqhubi wesibili weRoyal Theatre. Ubambe lesi sikhundla iminyaka eminingana. Khona-ke le nsizwa yathandana nomculi ogama lakhe linguJohanna Richter. Ngaphansi kwemibono yowesifazane, wabhala umjikelezo othi "Izingoma Zomfundi Ozulazulayo." Abagxeki bomculo bahlanganisa imisebenzi ethulwe ohlwini lwemisebenzi yothando kakhulu yenkosi.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s, ubudlelwano phakathi kukaGustav nabaphathi bemidlalo yaseshashalazini bawohloka. Ngenxa yezingxabano eziqhubekayo, waphoqeleka ukuba awuyeke umsebenzi wakhe. Wathuthela ePrague. Abathandi bomculo bendawo bamukele ngokufudumele uMahler onethalente. Lapha waqala wazizwa engumbhidisi nomqambi ofunwayo. Wahlukana kabuhlungu nomphakathi wendawo. Inkontileka ephethwe neNew Theatre yaseLeipzig ngesizini ka-1886/1887 yamphoqa ukuthi ashiye ePrague.
Isiqongo sokuduma komqambi
Ngemva kokwethulwa kwe-opera ethi "Three Pintos", i-maestro yawela ekudumeni. UMahler uqedele i-opera kaCarl Weber. Umsebenzi waba yimpumelelo kangangokuthi umbukiso wokuqala waba inqola ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini ezihlonishwa kakhulu eJalimane.
Ekupheleni kwawo-80s, uGustav akazange ahlangabezane nemizwa emnandi kakhulu. Waqala ukuba nezinkinga ebusweni bakhe. Isimo esingokomzwelo se-maestro sasishiye sifisa. Wanquma ukuthi lesi kwakuyinkathi engcono kakhulu yokuqamba ucezu lomculo. Ngo-1888, i-Premiere ye-First Symphony yenzeka. Namuhla ingenye yezingoma ezidume kakhulu zikaGustav.
Uchithe amasizini ama-2 esebenza eLeipzig, ngemuva kwalokho walishiya idolobha. Wayengafuni ukuhamba eLeipzig kuze kube sekupheleni. Kodwa ngenxa yezingxabano eziqhubekayo nomsizi womqondisi, waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye idolobha. UMahler wazinza eBudapest.
Impumelelo emsebenzini Gustav Mahler
Wamukelwa ngemfudumalo endaweni yakhe entsha. Wahola iRoyal Opera. UGustav uthole iholo elihle kakhulu ngalawo mazinga. Nokho, akunakushiwo ukuthi waphila ngokucebile. Ngemva kokushona kwenhloko yomndeni nomama, waphoqeleka ukuba ahlinzekele udadewabo nomfowabo ngokwezimali.
Ngaphambi kokujoyina iRoyal Opera, indawo yeshashalazi yayisesimweni esibi. UGustav waphumelela ukushintsha i-opera yaba inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi kazwelonke. Wasusa abadlali abayizimenywa futhi wasungula eyakhe i-orchestra. Indawo yaseshashalazini yaqala ukudlala ama-opera kaMozart noWagner. Ngokushesha umculi uLilly Leman uvele eqenjini lakhe, owathola isimo somculi ongcono kakhulu embuthanweni wokudala. Wayedume ngezwi lakhe eliyingqayizivele le-soprano.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, umpetha wathola isimemo esivela eHamburg. UGustav wamenywa esiteji sesithathu esibaluleke kakhulu se-opera kuleli. Endaweni entsha, uMahler wathatha isikhundla somqondisi kanye nomphathi weqembu. Akazange alicabangele ithuba lokusebenza endaweni yeshashalazi ehlonishwayo. Kwakunezizathu zalokhu. IRoyal Opera ine-quartermaster entsha uZichy. Wayengafuni ukubona uGustav eyinhloko yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ngoba umqambi wayengumJalimane ngobuzwe.
"Eugene Onegin" - opera yokuqala uGustav wadlala esiteji Hamburg yaseshashalazini. UMahler wayehlanya ngemisebenzi yomqambi waseRussia uTchaikovsky, ngakho-ke wanikela ngakho konke ukuthi i-Premiere ye-opera yenza umbono ofanele kubabukeli. U-Tchaikovsky wafika enkundleni yemidlalo ukuze athathe isikhundla somqhubi. Wathi ebona uMahler esemsebenzini, wanquma ukuhlala. Kamuva, u-Piotr uzobiza u-Gustav ngengqondo yangempela.
E-Hamburg, umqambi ushicilela iqoqo elithi The Boy's Magic Horn, elisuselwe encwadini engaziwa yezinkondlo yezimbongi zendingilizi yase-Heidelberg. Umsebenzi waziswa hhayi abalandeli kuphela, kodwa nabagxeki.
Isikhundla esisha
Impumelelo yomsebenzi kaMahler eHamburg yaqashelwa ngisho naseVienna. Uhulumeni wayefuna ukubona umpetha ezweni labo. Ngo-1897, uGustav wabhapathizwa enkolweni yamaKatolika. Ngawo lowo nyaka wasayina inkontileka ne-Court Opera. Wathola isikhundla sokuba ngumbhidisi wesithathu.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, uGustav wakwazi ukuthatha isikhundla sokuba umqondisi we-Court Opera. Ukuduma kwe-maestro e-Vienna kwanda kakhulu. Eqhulwini lempumelelo, wethula i-Fifth Symphony kubalandeli bomsebenzi wakhe. Lo msebenzi wawuhlukanisa umphakathi waba amakamu amabili. Abanye batuse uGustav ngokusungula izinto ezintsha, kanti abanye basola uMahler ngokusobala ngenhlamba nokunambitha kabi. Kodwa u-maestro ngokwakhe wayengenandaba nemibono yabantu besikhathi sakhe. Ukhiphe iSixth, Seventh and Eighth Symphonies.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uGustav wasungula imithetho emisha yaseshashalazini. Akubona bonke ababethanda imithetho emisha kaMahler, kodwa labo ababefuna ukusebenza e-Court Opera baphoqeleka ukuba bamukele izimo. Futhi uma ngaphambili umphakathi, ngemva kokungena endaweni yaseshashalazini, wazizwa usekhaya, khona-ke lapho kufika ukubusa kukaGustav, ukuvinjelwa kokungena enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini kwaqala ukusebenza.
Wanikela iminyaka engaphezu kuka-10 yokuphila kwakhe ethiyetha. Eminyakeni yamuva, u-Gustav wazizwa ebuthakathaka, ebangelwa ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayo kanye nesimiso esinzima somsebenzi. Waphoqeleka ukuba awushiye umsebenzi wakhe.
Abaphathi betiyetha baqoke impesheni enombandela owodwa - uMahler akumele aphinde asebenze kunoma yimaphi ama-opera ase-Austrian. Wasayina inkontileka, kodwa lapho ebona ukuthi uzohola malini, wadumala. Waqaphela ukuthi kusazodingeka asebenze, kodwa hhayi ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zase-Austria.
Ngokushesha waya emsebenzini eMetropolitan Opera (eNew York). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-premiere yomsebenzi "Ingoma Yomhlaba" ne-Ninth Symphony yenzeka. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, umsebenzi wakhe wathonywa abalobi ezifana Nietzsche, Schopenhauer futhi Dostoyevsky.
Imininingwane yempilo yomuntu siqu yomqambi uGustav Mahler
Yiqiniso, i-maestro yayithandwa ngabesifazane. Uthando alugcinanga ngokumkhuthaza, kodwa futhi lwamlethela nobuhlungu benhliziyo. Ngo-1902, uGustav wathatha intombazane okuthiwa u-Alma Schindler njengomkakhe osemthethweni. Njengoba kwenzeka, uneminyaka engu-19 encane kunomyeni wakhe. UMahler wamhlongoza ngosuku lwesi-4. U-Alima wazalela umyeni wakhe indodana nendodakazi.
Ukuphila komndeni wombhangqwana kwakufana ne-idyll. Bahlalisana kahle. Unkosikazi wayisekela imizamo kaGustav. Kodwa ngokushesha kwagadla inhlekelele emzini wabo. Indodakazi yami yashona ineminyaka engu-4. Ngokumelene nesizinda sokuhlangenwe nakho, impilo yomqambi yanyakaziswa kakhulu. Odokotela bathi wayenezinkinga ezinkulu zenhliziyo. Wabe eseqamba umsebenzi othi "Izingoma ezikhuluma ngezingane ezifile."
Ukuphila komndeni kuphazamisekile. U-Alma, owabhekana nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kakhulu empilweni yakhe, wavele wabona ukuthi wayesekhohliwe ngokuphelele ngamathalenta obusha bakhe. Owesifazane wahlakazeka kumyeni wakhe futhi wayeka ngokuphelele ukuthuthukisa. Ngaphambi kokuhlangana noGustav, wayengumculi ofunwayo.
Ngokushesha uMahler wathola ukuthi umkakhe wayengathembekile kuye. Wayethandana nomakhi wendawo. Naphezu kwalokhu, umbhangqwana awuzange uhlukane. Baqhubeka behlala ngaphansi kophahla olufanayo kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwe-maestro.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngomqambi
- Wakhula njengengane evaliwe. Ngelinye ilanga uyise wamshiya ehlathini amahora ambalwa. Lapho inhloko yomndeni ibuyela endaweni efanayo, yabona ukuthi indodana ayizange ishintshe ngisho nokuma kwayo.
- U-Alma Mahler, ngemva kokushona komyeni wakhe, washada kabili - kumakhi V. Gropius kanye nomlobi F. Werfel.
- Wayengowesibili ezinganeni ezingu-14, eziyisithupha kuphela kuzo ezazimiselwe ukukhula.
- UMahler wayethanda uhambo olude nokubhukuda emanzini aneqhwa.
- Umqambi wahlushwa ukungezwani kwemizwa, ukungabaza kanye nokuthatheka ngokufa.
- U-Beyoncé uyisihlobo esikude senkosi. Inkanyezi yaseMelika iyaziqhenya kakhulu ngeqiniso lokuzalana.
- I-Symphony No. 3 kaGustav Mahler ithatha imizuzu engama-95. Lona ucezu olude kunawo wonke ku-repertoire yomqambi.
Ukufa kukaGustav Mahler
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, umqambi wazizwa egula ngokungananazi. Wasebenza kanzima futhi wabhekana nezimo eziningi ezicindezelayo ezathinta isimo sakhe esivamile. Ngo-1910, isimo sashuba ngokuphelele.
Waphathwa uchungechunge lwe-tonsillitis. Naphezu kwalokhu, waqhubeka esebenza kanzima. Ngemva konyaka, wema ku-console, edlala uhlelo olwaluhlanganisa izingoma zamaNtaliyane adumile.
Ngokushesha kwagadla inhlekelele. Wangenwa isifo esithathelwanayo esabangela i-endocarditis. Le nkinga yalahlekisela umqambi ukuphila kwakhe. Washonela emtholampilo waseVienna ngo-1911.
Umcimbi wokuvalelisa ubuhanjelwe ngamakhulu abalandeli, abagxeki abahlonishwayo nabaculi abahlonishwayo. Wangcwatshwa eduze kwendodakazi yakhe eyashona isewusana. Isidumbu sikaGustav sisemathuneni aseGrinzing.
Abalandeli abafuna ukufunda i-biography ka-Mahler bangabuka i-biopic yomqondisi u-Ken Russell. URobert Powell - udlulisele ngokugqamile izici zomlingiswa ezazikhona ku-maestro.
