UBillie Holiday ungumculi odumile we-jazz neblues. Ubuhle obunethalente babonakala esiteji ngophini lwezimbali ezimhlophe.
Lokhu kubukeka sekuphenduke isici somuntu siqu somculi. Kusukela emizuzwaneni yokuqala yomdlalo, udonse izethameli ngezwi lakhe eliwumlingo.
Ubuntwana nobusha buka-Eleanor Fagan
UBillie Holiday wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 7, 1915 eBaltimore. Igama langempela lalo saziwayo ngu-Eleanor Fagan. Intombazane yakhula ingenayise. Iqiniso liwukuthi abazali bakhe bahlangana esemncane kakhulu.
Cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa kwendodakazi yabo, lo mbhangqwana wahlukana. Abazali bentombazane kwakunguSadie Fagan noClarence Holiday.
USadie oneminyaka engu-13 ubudala wayesebenza endlini yabantu abacebile njengomsizi. Lapho bethola ukuthi intombazane ikhulelwe, bayikhiphela ngaphandle. Ukuze abelethe ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, uSadie wathola umsebenzi esibhedlela, lapho ageza khona phansi futhi wahlanza.
Ngemva kokuzalwa kuka-Eleanor, uSadie wenza isinqumo sokushiya i-Baltimore futhi athuthele eNew York. Isizathu sokuthutha ingcindezi yabazali bakaSadie, bamfundisa, bambheka njengesihluku futhi bamfanekisela impilo enzima kamama ongayedwana.
UClarence Holiday, ngemva kokuzalwa kuka-Eleanor, akazange afune ngisho nokubheka indodakazi esanda kuzalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wamqamba isibongo.
U-Eleanor wayengazi ukufudumala komama. USadie, naye owayeseyingane, wamshiya ezihlotsheni ezaziphatha kabi le ntombazanyana. Futhi ugogo wakhe kuphela owayengenawo umphefumulo kuye.
Intombazane yayimthanda ukhokho wayo. Balala embhedeni owodwa ngenxa yesimo esibi. Lokhu akuzange kumkhathaze u-Eleanor kakhulu, ngoba ezandleni zikagogo wakhe wayezolile kakhulu.
Ngobunye ubusuku ugogo washona. KuNora omncane, lokhu kwaba ukushaqeka okukhulu. Ufike esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo.
Ubuntwana benkanyezi yesikhathi esizayo abukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ujabule - wayevame ukujeziswa ngaphandle kwesizathu, akazange aqondwe ekhaya, okwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi u-Eleanor waqala ukubalekela ekhaya. Wakhuliswa umgwaqo.
Ngenxa yokweqa isikole kanye nokuzulazula, intombazane yagcina isendaweni yokujeziswa. Amajaji asikhiphile isinqumo. Intombazane yayizokhululwa isineminyaka engu-21.
Lapho, le ntombazane ayizange ishaywe, kodwa yayikhumbula kaningi ukuthi yayiziphethe kabi.
Ukuhlukumezeka kwengqondo komculi uBillie Holiday
Ngesinye isikhathi, esikhungweni sokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo, u-Eleanor wavalelwa ubusuku bonke ekamelweni elilodwa nomuntu ofile. Ngakusasa, kwafika umama kaNora ezovakasha. Intombazane yathi yayingeke ikwazi ukumelana nobunye ubusuku obunjalo, yabe isabisa ngokuthi izozibulala.
Umama waqasha ummeli owasiza ekukhipheni u-Eleanor ekoloni lokujezisa. Njengesibonakaliso sokubonga, wasiza unina ukuba athole imali. Intombazane yayiwasha phansi nezitebhisi ngamasenti ambalwa.
Phakathi kwabaqashi bakhe kwakukhona nomnikazi wendawo yabantu abadala. Kukule ndawo lapho uNora ezwa khona umculo omnandi waqala ukuwuthanda. Umsindo omangalisayo wezingoma ze-blues owenziwe ngu Louis Armstrong kanye noBessie Smith.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, lo mculo wayihlaba umxhwele le ntombazane kangangokuba yacela umnikazi wayo ukuba avule izingoma kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukubuyisela, uNora wayezimisele ukukolobha izitezi mahhala.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Eleanor wafunda ukungena ngokuthula e-cinema, lapho amafilimu aboniswa khona ngokuhlanganyela kukaBilly Dove. Umdlali we-actress wathakazelisa uNora omncane kangangokuthi wanquma ukuthatha igama-mbumbulu elithi Billy.
Impilo ethule ka-Eleanor ayizange ihlale isikhathi eside. Uhlaselwe ikhehla elineminyaka engu-40 elizama ukudlwengula intombazane. Amaphoyisa asabela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Umdlwenguli wagqunywa ejele iminyaka engu-5. Nora naye akazange ashiywe ngaphandle kwesijeziso - waphinde wagcina ekoloni iminyaka engu-2. Ijaji libone ukuthi iyona ntombazane eyachukuluza umdlwenguli ukuthi ahlasele.
UBillie Holiday uthuthela eNew York
Ngemva kokuba uNora eshiye izindonga zekoloni, wazenzela isinqumo esinzima kodwa esilungile. Intombazane yathuthela eNew York.
Umama ka-Eleanor wayesebenza njengomzanyana edolobheni. Intombazane kwadingeka iqashe ifulethi elihlukile.
Kwakungekho lutho engangingaphila ngalo. UNora akakwazanga ukuthola umsebenzi. Wacela usizo kumninindlu. Kodwa-ke, phakathi kweziphakamiso, kwakunendawo kuphela kwenye yezimboni ezindala kakhulu zenkonzo.
U-Eleanor wayengenakho ukukhetha okuningi. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, uNora waphinde waboshwa. Intombazane yabhadla ejele izinyanga ezine.
Ezinyangeni ezine kamuva, u-Eleanor wakhululwa ejele futhi wathola unina egula kakhulu. Yonke imali eqoqiwe yaya ekwelashweni. UNora wayengenayo imali yokuqasha kuphela, kodwa ngisho nocezu lwesinkwa.
Intombazane yayimatasa ifuna umsebenzi. Ngolunye usuku waya kwenye yezindawo zokucima ukoma wabuza umnikazi wendawo ukuthi wayewutholele yini umsebenzi.
Uthe udinga umdansi. UNora waqamba amanga ngokuthi wayesenesikhathi eside edansa. Lapho umqondisi ecela ukukhombisa inombolo yomdanso, waqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi uNora wayemqambela amanga.
Wabe esebuza intombazane ukuthi ingakwazi yini ukucula? U-Eleanor wahlabelela kangangokuthi umnikazi wamyisa ngokushesha emsebenzini, futhi wamnikeza amadola ambalwa njengemali ephansi. Empeleni, indaba yeholide likaBillie elidumile yaqala ngalokhu.
UNora wayeneminyaka engu-14 kuphela lapho eqashwa. Ubudala abuzange bukhathaze umnikazi wesikhungo noma abalaleli ababongayo. Imisebenzi yokuqala yethalente elincane yenzeke kuma-nightclub, ama-bar, amathilomu nezindawo zokudlela.
UBillie Holiday uhlangana nomdidiyeli uJohn Hammond
Ngo-1933, uBillie Hodiley wahlangana noJohn Hammond, umdidiyeli osemusha owayesafisa. Le nsizwa yahlatshwa umxhwele indlela le ntombazane eyadlala ngayo kangangokuthi yabhala okuthile ngayo kumagazini wendawo.
Ngokushesha abathandi bomculo bathola ngomculi onethalente, okwaholela ekubeni nesithakazelo sangempela kunkanyezi ekhulayo uBillie Holiday.
UJohn wanikeza umculi ukubambisana, futhi wavuma. Ngokushesha wamletha ndawonye "nenkosi jika" - Benny Goodmanov. Kakade ngo-1933, abaculi bakhulula amathrekhi amaningana agcwele.
Enye yezingoma yavele yaduma. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uBillie Holiday uqophe izingoma ezithokozisayo nabanye abaculi abasafufusa.
Ngo-1935, uJohn waqhubeka "ekhuthaza" isigceme. Uhlele ukuthi lo mculi aqophe estudiyo noTeddy Wilson noLester Young.
Ngokushesha, ngenxa yalawa marekhodi, ayehlelelwe ukudayiswa kuma-jukeboxes, umculi wathola "ingxenye" yakhe yokuqala yokuthandwa.
Isilinganiso sikaBilly sikhuphuke kakhulu. Yini ongayisho! UDuke Ellington ngokwakhe udonsele ukunaka kwesihlabani esafufusa, wamema ukuba alingise efilimini emfushane ethi Symphony in Black.
Billie Holiday First Tour
UBillie Holiday uye ohambweni lwakhe lokuqala. Ekuqaleni, umculi wahamba namaqembu ka-D. Lunsford no-F. Henderson, futhi kamuva neqembu elikhulu lika-Count Basie ngokwakhe, ngokuzenzakalelayo waba umncintiswano kumngane wakhe wesikhathi esizayo u-Ella Fitzgerald.
U-Billy usebenzisane kafushane no-Basie. Ukungaboni ngaso linye kwaqala emidlalweni yokuqala. Isizathu silula - Iholide libe nemibono ehlukene ngomculo nokusebenza ngokujwayelekile. Ngokushesha umculi waba soloist we orchestra, eyayiqondiswa Artie Shaw.
UBillie Holiday waqale waphathwa ngendlela emangalisayo nenhlonipho ku-orchestra. Kamuva, umculi wabhekana nokuhlekwa usulu nokuthotshiswa kokuqala.
Izingxabano zaqala ukwenzeka ngesisekelo sokucwasa ngokwebala. Lakanye iqembu ladlala e-United States of America. U-Artie Shaw uvimbele uBilly esiteji. Lapho ozakwabo becula, kwadingeka acashe ebhasini.
Ngokushesha umculi waba nethuba lokuhlangana noBarney Josephson. U-Barney wenza isenzo esiyingozi ngokungagwegwesi - ungomunye wabokuqala ukuvula ikhefi lapho kwabuthana khona noma yiziphi izethameli.
UBillie Holiday waqala ukucula esiteji sesikhungo. Wazama ukusabalalisa umculo wakhe, futhi waphumelela.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi akubona abathandi bomculo abavamile kuphela, kodwa nabaculi, abaculi abadumile nabalingisi babuthana kulesi sikhungo. Ngokushesha uBillie Holiday waziwa emibuthanweni ehloniphekile yomphakathi.
Umculi waqhubeka nokusebenza ku-repertoire yakhe. Ukuqanjwa okuthandwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyingoma ethi "Strange Fruits". Namuhla, abaningi babiza le ngoma njengophawu lweholide likaBillie.
Iqophelo eliphezulu lomsebenzi womculo we-Billie Holiday
Inani eliphakeme lokuduma kukaBillie Holiday lafika ngawo-1940. Amaculo enziwa yilo mculi ayezwakala ezindaweni zokudlela, ezindaweni zokudlela, ezindaweni zokucima ukoma, eziteshini zomsakazo nasezinsizeni zomculo.
Umculi usebenzisane nezitudiyo zokuqopha ezidumile njenge-Columbia, Brunswick, Decca.
Ikhonsathi yokuqala eyedwa yomculi yenzeka ngo-1944 endaweni ye-Metropolitan Opera, futhi ngo-1947 - ehholo lekhonsathi "Ihholo Ledolobha", ngo-1948 uBillie Holiday wahlonishwa ngokudlala esiteji sehholo lekhonsathi elidumile elithi "Carnegie". IHholo".
Naphezu kokuduma nokuhlonishwa kwezigidi zabalandeli, uBillie Holiday ubengajabule. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, wayehluleka emshadweni. Imidlalo yakhe yayimkhuthaza ukuthi asebenzise utshwala nezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni.
Billie Holiday: Umama Oshonelwe...
Ngokushesha kwashona umuntu oseduze noBillie Holiday - unina. Lo mculi uphatheke kabi kakhulu ngokulahlekelwa. Wayengakwamukeli ukuthi umama wakhe angabe esaba naye.
Usizi lwalimaza impilo yengqondo yomculi. Welapha imizwa yakhe ngokuthatha i-dope enamandla. UBilly waqala ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa. Futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wazama kanjani "ukugxuma", akuzange kumsebenzele.
Ngokushesha uBilly waphendukela emtholampilo ozimele ukuze athole usizo. Ngesikhathi ngisesibhedlela, kwenzeka enye inkathazo - iHolide yafika ngaphansi kwesibhamu samaphoyisa, abukela umculi isikhathi eside.
Ngesikhathi kuseshwa, kutholwe izidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni kwaBilly. Wahlala ejele izinyanga ezimbalwa.
Ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe, wayelindelwe esinye isimanga - kusukela manje wayengenalo ilungelo lokucula ezindaweni lapho kudayiswa khona utshwala. Ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa kwakukhona zonke izikhungo ayethola ngazo imali eqhubekayo.
Iholide le-Creativity Billie
UBillie Holiday ube negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni amazwi e-jazz. Umculi ukwazile ukwenza ubuciko bangempela obuvela ezingomeni zomculo ezilula nezingaphawuleki.
Ngesikhathi sokudlalwa kwezingoma, uBilly wabelane ngamandla amangalisayo nezithameli. Akazange ahlale "engumculi ongenalutho". Wabelane ngemizwa yakhe nabalandeli.
Ulayini wezingoma zezingoma zikaBillie Holiday uhlale ulula futhi awuzange ulalele izigqi eziqinile zesigqi. Le nkululeko ivumele umculi ukuthi adale futhi "angacindezelwa." Esiteji, akalutho ngaphandle kokuthi "uyakhuphuka".
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uBillie Holiday akakaze abe namakhono aqinile ephimbo kanye nebanga lezwi elibalulekile.
Iphuzu lonke laliwukuthi umculi wayedlulisela isipiliyoni sakhe somuntu siqu, ngezinye izikhathi esimangalisayo emathrekhi akhe. Lokhu kwamvumela ukuba abe ngomunye wabaculi be-jazz abadumile nabadumile bekhulu leminyaka elidlule.
Phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe wokudala, uBillie Holiday usebenzisane nezitudiyo zokuqopha ezihlonishwayo eziyishumi nambili. Lo mculi we-jazz ukwazile ukushiya izingoma ezingu-187. Izingoma eziningi zaba yizingoma zangempela.
Izingoma eziphezulu ze-Billy
- I-Lover Man ingoma enezingoma nokho iyamangalisa. Ingoma yaqoshwa ngo-1944. Ngo-1989, ingoma yangeniswa e-Grammy Hall of Fame.
- UBilly wabhala ingoma ethi God Bless the Child ngo-1941. Kuleli culo, wabelane nezilaleli izinto ahlangabezane nazo kanye nemizwelo yakhe. Lo mculi ubhale leli culo ngemuva kokuxabana nonina.
- U-Riffin' the Scotch wakhululwa ngo-1933 neqembu elaliholwa nguBenny Goodman. Ingoma yabe isiba yingoma ngaso leso sikhathi, ngenxa yokuthi umculi wazuza udumo lwakhe lokuqala.
- Amaholide aqoshwa i-Crazy He Calls Me ngo-1949. Namuhla le ngoma iphakathi kwamazinga e-jazz.
Ingoma yomculo ethi "Strange Fruits" idinga ukunakwa okukhulu. UBillie Holiday wabhekana nokungabi nabulungisa ngokobuhlanga. Ngisho nanjengomculi odumile, wayizwa ingcindezi umphakathi embeka phezu kwayo.
UBilly wasebenzisa kakhulu udumo lwakhe ukukhombisa ukuthi isihloko sokucwasa siyasebenza hhayi nje izinto ezisunguliwe ngabantu.
UBillie Holiday wahlatshwa umxhwele kakhulu izinkondlo zika-Abel Miropol. Ngemva kokufunda indaba esankondlo ethi "Strange Fruits", umculi wakhulula ingoma yomculo.
Engomeni ethi "Strange Fruits", umculi wazama ukudlulisela izethameli mayelana nesiphetho sabantu base-Afrika baseMelika abaneshwa. Nganoma yiliphi icala babejeziswa kanzima.
Lapho uBilly ephendukela ezinkampanini zokuqopha lapho ayeqophe khona izingoma zosizo ngaphambili, bona, sebejwayelene nendaba ethi "Strange Fruits", benqaba ukuqopha le ngoma.
Ngenxa yalokho, uBilly usarekhoda ingoma, kodwa "esitudiyo sokuqopha esingaphansi".
Impilo yomuntu siqu kaBillie Holiday
Impilo yomuntu kaBillie Holiday ithuthuke ngendlela embi kakhulu. Owesifazane okhangayo ubelokhu enesithakazelo kumadoda angafaneleki kakhulu.
Umyeni wokuqala kaBilly wayengumqondisi we-nightclub yaseHarlem, uJimmy Monroe. Indoda "igcine intambo emfushane" Iholide. Ngokushesha bahlukanisa, kodwa umshado waba yingozi empilweni kaBilly. Umyeni "wahuqa" owesifazane ezidakamizweni.
Umyeni wesibili kaBillie Holiday kwakunguJoe Guy. Futhi uma umyeni wangaphambili ephusha umculi ukuba asebenzise izidakamizwa, uJoe Guy weqa lo mugqa. Ngokushesha lo mbhangqwana wahlukanisa.
UJohn Levy ungumthandi wesithathu oqotho weBillie Holiday. Ngemva kokuhlangana naye, lona wesifazane wacabanga ukuthi wayeyitholile injabulo yakhe. U-Levy wayengumnikazi we-Ebony Club ehlonishwayo.
Ubekhona ngesikhathi lo mculi ephuma ejele ngenxa yokutholakala nezidakamizwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakwazi ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wekhonsathi.
ULevi wapha izipho ezibizayo ayezithandayo. Bachitha isikhathi esiningi ndawonye. Lobu budlelwano bungabizwa ngokuthi bubuhle. Kodwa ngokushesha kwaqala ukuvela ingqikithi embi kaLevi. Waphakamisela isandla sakhe kumkakhe futhi wamqeda ngokuziphatha.
Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela ukuthi uLevi wayeyi-pimp. Kodwa inani eliphakeme lafika lapho enikeza amaphoyisa ithiphu ngoBillie Holiday. Kwakuwutshani wokugcina. Owesifazane wabaleka ekhaya wafaka isehlukaniso.
Umyeni wesine nowokugcina womculi odumile kwakunguLouis McKay. Nalo mshado awuzange uphumelele. Futhi lwalungekho uthando olukhulu. ULouis washaya iHoliday futhi wamfaka izidakamizwa.
Ngemuva kokuvakasha kukaBillie Holiday eYurophu kuphenduke "ukuhluleka", le ndoda yamane yabalekela umkakhe. Ngemva kokushona kwakhe, weza ukuzoqoqa iphesenti lamarekhodi athengisiwe.
Amaqiniso anentshisekelo ngeBillie Holiday
- Izimbali zomculi azikhonzile kwakuyi- gardenias. Abaningi babiza uBillie Holiday ngokuthi “Lady Gardenia”.
- Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wokudala, umculi wathola izimali eziphansi kakhulu. Isibonelo, ekhonsathini ku-nightclub, uBilly wathola u-$ 35.
- Izinkampani zokuqopha kuma-albhamu anezingoma ze-Billie Holiday zithole izigidi. Owesifazane othengisa i-disc enezinhlangothi ezimbili uthole i-$ 75 encane.
- Umngane omkhulu walo mculi kwakungu-Lester Young, umshayi we-saxophonist onekhono.
- UBillie Holiday wayezithanda izinja. Lokhu kwakuwubuthakathaka bakhe. Umculi ngezikhathi ezahlukene wayehlala nezinja zezinhlobo ezahlukene: i-poodle, i-chihuahua, i-Great Dane, i-beagle, i-terrier, ngisho ne-mongrel.
Izinkinga ngezidakamizwa notshwala. Ukufa kukaBillie Holiday
Ngawo-1950, abathandi bomculo nabalandeli bakaBillie Holiday baqala ukuqaphela ukuthi izwi lakhe lalingaselona lihle kangako.
Izinkinga zokulutha izidakamizwa notshwala zaholela eqinisweni lokuthi umculi odumile waqala ukuba nezinkinga zempilo ezingathi sína ezawohloza amakhono akhe ezwi.
Naphezu kwalokhu, waqhubeka nokwenza esiteji futhi aqophe izingoma ezintsha. Ngokushesha wasayina inkontileka noNorman Grantz - umnikazi wamalebula amarekhodi amaningana aziwayo.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uBillie Holiday wayephezulu ku-Olympus yomculo. Lokhu kwandulelwa uhambo oluyimpumelelo lwase-Europe kanye nokukhululwa kwencwadi yakhe.
Ngo-1958, uBillie Holiday wandisa i-discography yakhe nge-albhamu yakhe yokugcina, ethi Lady in Satin. Wabe esephinde wavakashela eYurophu. Lolu hambo luphenduke “lwehluleka”, lo mculi wabuyela ekhaya.
Ngo-May 1959, umculi wabamba ikhonsathi yakhe yokugcina. Ekupheleni kukaMeyi walowo nyaka, uBillie Holiday wathathwa nge-ambulensi. Umculi washona ngoJulayi 17, 1959. Odokotela baveze ukuthi ushonile ngenxa yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ngokweqile. Umculi wayeneminyaka engu-44 kuphela ubudala.
Umsebenzi wakhe usahlonishwa nanamuhla. UBillie Holiday ubizwa ngokuthi "iNdlovukazi yeJazz namaBlues". Izingoma zomculi zibalulekile nanamuhla.
