UDmitry Shostakovich ungumdlali wopiyano, umqambi, uthisha kanye nesibalo somphakathi. Lona ungomunye wabaqambi abadumile bekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Ukwazile ukuqamba izingcezu zomculo eziningi ezinhle.
Indlela yokudala nokuphila kukaShostakovich yayigcwele izenzakalo ezibuhlungu. Kodwa kwaba ngenxa yezilingo ukuthi uDmitry Dmitrievich wadala, ephoqa abanye abantu ukuba baphile futhi bangayeki.
Dmitri Shostakovich: Ubuntwana kanye Nentsha
UMaestro wazalwa ngo-September 1906. Ngaphandle kukaDima omncane, abazali bakhulisa amadodakazi amabili. Umndeni wakwaShostakovich wawuwuthanda kakhulu umculo. Ekhaya, abazali nezingane babehlela amakhonsathi kungazelelwe.
Umndeni wawuphila kahle, futhi uphumelele. UDmitry waya ejimini yangasese, kanye nesikole somculo esidumile esiqanjwe ngo-I. A. Glyasser. Umculi wafundisa Shostakovich notation zomculo. Kodwa akazange afundise ukubunjwa, ngakho u-Dima wafunda wonke ama-nuances wokuqamba ingoma eyedwa.
U-Shostakovich ezincwadini zakhe wakhumbula u-Glasser njengomuntu omubi, oyisicefe futhi ongenangqondo. Naphezu kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kokufundisa, wayengazi ukuthi aziqhuba kanjani izifundo zomculo futhi wayengenayo indlela yokufundisa izingane. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, uDmitry washiya esikoleni somculo, ngisho nokuncenga unina akuzange kumphoqelele ukuba ashintshe umqondo wakhe.
Ebuntwaneni, i-maestro yayinomunye umcimbi owawukhumbula isikhathi eside. Wabona isenzakalo esibi ngo-1917. U-Dima wabona ukuthi i-Cossack, ihlakaza isixuku sabantu, yasika umfana omncane phakathi. Ngokudabukisayo, lesi sigameko esibuhlungu saphefumulela i-maestro ukuthi ibhale ingoma ethi "Umngcwabo Wamashi Esikhumbuzweni Sezisulu Zoguquko."
Ukuthola imfundo
Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esizimele, uDmitry Dmitrievich wangena Petrograd Conservatory. Abazali abazange baphikisane nendodana yabo, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, bayisekela. Ngemva kokuqeda isifundo sokuqala, umqambi osemusha waqamba i- Scherzo fis-moll.
Ngaso leso sikhathi, ibhange lakhe lomculo laphinde lagcwaliswa ngemisebenzi ethi "Izinganekwane ezimbili zikaKrylov" kanye "Nemidanso Emithathu Emangalisayo". Ngokushesha isiphetho saletha i-maestro kanye no-Boris Vladimirovich Asafiev noVladimir Vladimirovich Shcherbachev. Babeyingxenye ye-Anna Vogt Circle.
UDmitry wayengumfundi oyisibonelo. Waya endaweni yokufundela izingane naphezu kwezithiyo eziningi. Izwe lalibhekene nezikhathi ezinzima. Kwakukhona indlala nobumpofu. Ngaleso sikhathi, abafundi abaningi bafa ngenxa yokukhathala. Naphezu kwabo bonke ubunzima, Shostakovich wavakashela izindonga Conservatory futhi waqhubeka ngenkuthalo ukuhlanganyela emculweni.
Ngokusho kwezikhumbuzo zikaShostakovich:
“Indlu yami yayikude ne-conservatory. Kungaba okunengqondo kakhulu ukuthatha nje ithilamu futhi ufike lapho. Kodwa isimo sami ngaleso sikhathi sasingelutho kangangokuthi ngangingenawo amandla okuma ngilinde izinto zokuhamba. Ama-tram ayeqaphile ngaleso sikhathi. Kwadingeka ngivuke emahoreni ambalwa ngaphambili futhi ngivele ngihambe ngiye esikoleni. Isifiso sokuthola imfundo sasiphakeme kakhulu kunobuvila nempilo ebuthaka…”.
Isimo sashuba ngenye inhlekelele - kushone inhloko yomndeni. UDmitry wayengenayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokusebenza njengomdlali wopiyano ebhayisikobho ethi Light Tape. Lesi ngesinye sezikhathi ezinzima kakhulu empilweni ye-maestro. Umsebenzi wawungajwayelekile kuye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathola iholo elincane, futhi kwakudingeka anikele cishe sonke isikhathi namandla akhe. Nokho, Shostakovich wayengenakho ukukhetha, njengoba wathatha isikhundla inhloko yomkhaya.
Umsebenzi womculi uDmitry Shostakovich
Ngemva kokusebenza endaweni yaseshashalazini inyanga yonke, le nsizwa yaya kumqondisi ukuze ithole iholo elitholwe ngokwethembeka. Kodwa kwaba nesinye isimo esingesihle. Umqondisi waqala ukuhlazisa uDmitry ngokufuna ukuthola imali. Ngokusho komqondisi, uShostakovich, njengomuntu odala, akufanele acabange ngemali, umsebenzi wakhe uwukudala futhi ungaphishekeli imigomo eyisisekelo. Noma kunjalo, u-maestro wakwazi ukuthola ingxenye yomholo, wamangalela abanye enkantolo.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, uDmitry Dmitrievich wayesevele ebonakala emibuthanweni eseduze. Wamenywa ukuba adlale kusihlwa ekhumbula Akim Lvovich. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, igunya lakhe liye laqiniswa.
Ngo-1923 wathola iziqu ze-Honours e-Petrograd Conservatory ku-piano. Futhi ngo-1925 - ekilasini lokubunjwa. Njengomsebenzi wokuthweswa iziqu, wethula i-Symphony No. 1. Kwakuyilokhu kwakhiwa okwavula i-Shostakovich kubalandeli bomculo we-classic. Wazuza udumo lwakhe lokuqala.
Dmitry Shostakovich: Indlela yokudala
Ngawo-1930, kwavezwa okunye ukwakheka okuhle kwe-maestro. Sikhuluma ngo "Lady Macbeth wesifunda saseMtsensk." Ngalesi sikhathi, wayenama-symphonies angaba yisihlanu ku-repertoire yakhe. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930, wethula i-Jazz Suite emphakathini.
Akubona bonke abantu abawuncomayo umsebenzi womqambi osemusha. Abanye abagxeki baseSoviet baqala ukungabaza ikhono likaDmitry Dmitrievich. Kwaba ukugxekwa okwaphoqa uShostakovich ukuba acabangele kabusha imibono yakhe ngomsebenzi wakhe. I-Symphony No. 4 ayizange yethulwe emphakathini ngesikhathi sokuphothulwa kwayo. I-maestro ihlehlise ukwethulwa komculo ogqamile ngeminyaka yawo-1960 yekhulunyaka eledlule.
Ngemuva kokuvinjezelwa kweLeningrad, umculi wacabanga ukuthi iningi lemisebenzi yakhe yalahleka. Waqala ukuvuselela izingoma ezilotshiwe. Ngokushesha, amakhophi ezingxenye ze-Symphony No. 4 azo zonke izinsimbi atholakala ezinqolobaneni zemibhalo.
Impi yathola i-maestro eLeningrad. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho ayesebenza khona ngentshiseko komunye wemisebenzi yakhe yaphezulu. Sikhuluma ngo-Symphony No. 7. Waphoqeleka ukuba ahambe eLeningrad, futhi wathatha into eyodwa kuphela - impumelelo ye-symphony. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi Shostakovich wathatha phezulu Olympus zomculo. Waba umqambi nomculi odumile. Iningi labalandeli bomculo we-classical bayazi i-Symphony No. 7 ngokuthi "Leningradskaya".
Ukudala ngemva kwempi
Ngemva kokuphela kwempi, uDmitry Dmitrievich wakhulula i-Symphony No. 9. Ukwethulwa komsebenzi kwenzeka ngo-November 3, 1945. Eminyakeni embalwa ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, i-maestro yayiphakathi kwabaculi abawela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "uhlu olumnyama". Izingoma zomqambi, ngokusho kweziphathimandla, zazingaziwa kubantu baseSoviet. UDmitry Dmitrievich waphucwa isihloko sikaprofesa, asithola ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930 ekhulwini elidlule.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940, i-maestro yethula i-cantata Song of the Forests. Lo msebenzi wawuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zikahulumeni waseSoviet. Ekubunjweni kukaDmitry Dmitrievich wahlabelela mayelana ne-USSR enhle neziphathimandla, ngenxa yokuthi kwakungenzeka ukubuyisela imiphumela yempi. Ngenxa yokuqamba, i-maestro yathola uMklomelo kaStalin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziphathimandla nabagxeki babheka Shostakovich ngamehlo ahlukene. Ukhishwe ohlwini lwabavinjelwe.
Ngo-1950, umqambi umxhwele imisebenzi Bach kanye nemisebenzi umdwebi Leipzig. Futhi waqala ukuqamba ama-prelude angu-24 nama-fugues wepiyano. Eziningi zihlanganisa izingoma ohlwini lwemisebenzi edume kakhulu Shostakovich.
Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, uShostakovich wadala amanye ama-symphonies amane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabhala imisebenzi eminingi yezwi kanye nama-quartet ezintambo.
Imininingwane yempilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokwezinkumbulo zabantu abaseduze, impilo yomuntu siqu kaShostakovich ayikwazanga ukuthuthuka isikhathi eside. Uthando lokuqala lwe-maestro kwakunguTatyana Glivenko. Wahlangana nentombazane ngo-1923.
Kwakuwuthando ekuqaleni. Intombazane yabuyisela uDmitry futhi yayilindele isiphakamiso somshado. Shostakovich wayemncane. Futhi akazange alinge ukuphakamisa Tanya. Waba nesibindi sokuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu ngemva kweminyaka emithathu kuphela, kodwa kwase kwephuze kakhulu. UGlivenko washada nenye insizwa.
UDmitry Dmitrievich wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngokwenqaba kukaTatyana. Kodwa ngemva kwesikhashana washada. UNina Vazar waba umkakhe osemthethweni. Bahlala ndawonye iminyaka engu-20. Owesifazane wazalela indoda izingane ezimbili. UVasar wafa ngo-1954.
Esimweni somfelokazi, uShostakovich akazange aphile isikhathi eside. Ngokushesha washada noMargarita Kainova. Lokhu kwakuyinhlanganisela yothando oluqinile nomlilo. Naphezu kokukhangwa okunamandla kocansi, lo mbhangqwana wawungenakukwazi ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngokushesha banquma ukufaka isehlukaniso.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 ekhulwini elidlule washada no-Irina Supinskaya. Wayezinikele kumqambi odumile futhi wayenaye kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana nomqambi uDmitry Shostakovich
- Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, umqambi wayenobuhlobo obunzima neziphathimandla zaseSoviet. Ubephethe ipotimende elithusayo elipakishiwe uma kwenzeka befika bezombopha.
- Wahlushwa imikhuba emibi. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe uDmitry Dmitrievich wabhema. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayethanda ukugembula futhi wayehlale edlala ngemali.
- U-Stalin wayala uShostakovich ukuba abhale iculo le-USSR. Kodwa ekugcineni akakuthandanga lokho, futhi wakhetha iculo lomunye umbhali.
- UDmitry Dmitrievich wababonga abazali bakhe ngethalente lakhe. Umama wayesebenza njengomdlali wopiyano, kanti ubaba wayengumculi. Shostakovich wabhala ingoma yakhe yokuqala eneminyaka engu-9.
- UDmitry Dmitrievich wangena ohlwini lwabaqambi be-opera abangama-40 abenza kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi minyaka yonke kuba namakhonsathi anemidlalo engaphezu kuka-300 yama-opera akhe.
Dmitry Shostakovich: Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe
Maphakathi nawo-1960, i-maestro edumile yagula. Odokotela baseSoviet bahlehla kuphela. Abakwazanga ukuxilonga futhi bagcizelela ukuthi lesi sifo asitholakali. UmkaShostakovich, u-Irina, wathi umyeni wakhe wayenqunyelwe izifundo zamavithamini, kodwa lesi sifo saqhubeka sithuthuka.
Kamuva, odokotela bakwazi ukuqonda ukugula komqambi. Kwavela ukuthi uDmitry Dmitrievich wayenesifo sikaCharcot. I-maestro ayizange iphathwe yiSoviet kuphela, kodwa futhi nodokotela baseMelika. Ngesinye isikhathi wavakashela ngisho nehhovisi likadokotela odumile u-Ilizarov. Isikhathi eside, ukugula kwanyamalala. Kodwa ngokushesha izimpawu zavela, futhi isifo sikaCharcot saqala ukukhula ngamandla nakakhulu.
UDmitry Dmitrievich wazama ukubhekana nazo zonke izimpawu zesifo. Waphuza amaphilisi, wangena ezemidlalo, wadla kahle, kodwa isifo sasinamandla. Okuwukuphela kwenduduzo kumqambi kwakuwumculo. Wayevame ukuya emakhonsathini lapho kwakudlalwa khona umculo we-classic. Kuwo wonke umcimbi, wayephelezelwa inkosikazi enothando.
Ngo-1975 Shostakovich wavakashela Leningrad. Kwakuzoba nekhonsathi enhloko-dolobha, okwakudlalwa kuyo enye yezothando zakhe. Umculi owenza ezothando wakhohlwa ukuqala kwengoma. Lokhu kwenza uDmitry Dmitrievich wethuka. Lapho lo mbhangqwana ubuyela ekhaya, Shostakovich wagula kungazelelwe. Unkosikazi wabiza odokotela, bamthola enesifo senhliziyo.
Washona ngo-August 9, 1975. Unkosikazi ukhumbula ukuthi ngalolu suku babeyobuka ibhola kumabonakude. Bekusele amahora ambalwa ngaphambi kokuqala komdlalo. UDmitry wacela u-Irina ukuba ayolanda iposi. Lapho umkakhe ebuya, Shostakovich wayesefile kakade. Umzimba we-maestro ungcwatshwa emathuneni aseNovodevichy.
