Umculi we-opera kanye negumbi uFyodor Chaliapin waduma njengomnikazi wezwi elijulile. Umsebenzi wenganekwane waziwa ngale kwemingcele yezwe lakubo.
Ubuntwana
UFedor Ivanovich uvela eKazan. Abazali bakhe babevakashela abalimi. Umama akazange asebenze futhi wazinikela ngokuphelele ekusungulweni kwendlu, futhi inhloko yomndeni yayiphethe isikhundla somlobi ekuphathweni kweZemstvo.
Unezinkumbulo ezimnandi kakhulu zobuntwana bakhe. Abazali abakhathalelayo babezungeza indodana yabo hhayi nje ngokunaka. Ikakhulukazi, abazali abazange baphazamise ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla okudala enzalo yabo.
Esemncane, uFedor wathola amakhono amangalisayo. Impahla eyinhloko ye-Chaliapin encane kwakuyi-chic treble. Ngenxa yamakhono akhe okuphimisela, wabhaliswa ekwayeni yesonto. Ngaphakathi kwezindonga zesonto lendawo, waqala ukufunda izingoma zomculo. Inhloko yomndeni yayingakholelwa ukuthi ukucula kungayicebisa indodana yayo, ngakho wayinikeza ukuqeqeshwa kokuba umpetha wokukhanda izicathulo. Kodwa, siphawula ukuthi akazange aphazamise ukwakheka Fedor njengoba umculi.
UChaliapin wachitha iminyaka eminingana efunda esikoleni, futhi waphothula iziqu. Khona-ke Fedor wathunyelwa ukusebenza njengomsizi umabhalane. Kamuva wayezobhala ukuthi lena kwakuyiminyaka eyisicefe kakhulu yokuphila kwakhe. Izwi lakhe laphuka, futhi uChaliapin wayengasakwazi ukucula. Umsebenzi awuzange unikeze uFedor injabulo nhlobo. Wayesonqenqemeni lokuphelelwa ithemba.
Mhlawumbe, uma kungenjalo ngecala elilodwa elithakazelisayo, uFedor wayezochitha impilo yakhe yonke emsebenzini oyisicefe. Ngesinye isikhathi wavakashela Kazan Opera House. UChaliapin wamangala ngalokho akuzwa esiteji. Unquma ukuyishintsha ngokuphelele impilo yakhe.
Intsha yomculi uFyodor Chaliapin
Lapho eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, unquma ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo. Ngaleso sikhathi, izwi lakhe lase linqamukile "ukuphuka", futhi weza inhlolokhono endlini ye-opera. Naphezu kwethalenta lakhe elisobala, u-Chaliapin wathunyelwa ekhaya. Ngokushesha wamukelwa eSerebryakov Theatre.
Isikhathi esincane kakhulu sizodlula futhi insizwa izophathiswa ukudlala indima ehamba phambili ku-opera Eugene Onegin. Impumelelo yokuqala ephawulekayo ikhuthaza uFedor futhi ngemva kwalokho uthuthela kwelinye elithembisayo, ngokombono wakhe, iqembu.
Isikhathi eside uyakwazi ukugcina isimo sokuzifundisa okunekhono. Ukwehluleka okuncane kuvusa uFedor esenzweni. Ithuthukisa amazwi. Ngokushesha ujoyina i-Wandering Theatre evela e-Little Russia, eyayiqondiswa u-G. I. Derkach onekhono. Ngeqembu lomholi, u-Chaliapin wathatha uhambo olude. Uhambo lwaphetha ngokuthi wanquma ukuhlala eTbilisi.
E-Georgia, ithalenta likaFedor nalo alizange libonakale. Wabonwa uthisha Dmitry Usatov. Lesi sakamuva saziwa njengomunye wabadlali abanamakhono kakhulu eBolshoi Theatre. UDmitry wabona ikhono elikhulu kuFedor. Uyithatha ngaphansi kwesivikelo sakhe. Ngokuhambisana nezifundo zezwi ezihlelwa ngu-Usatov, umculi osemusha usebenza kwenye yemidlalo yaseshashalazini enhloko-dolobha yaseGeorgia.
Fyodor Chaliapin: Indlela yokudala
Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ungena enkonzweni ye-Imperial Theatre yaseSt. I-Imperial Theatre yayigcwele ukuqina nokuhleleka. Lesi simo saqala ukukhathala uChaliapin. Once ukusebenza Fedor kwaphawulwa philanthropist Savva Mamontov. Wenza isithembiso esihle kumculi osemusha. U-Savva uhehe ithalenta elincane endaweni yakhe yeshashalazi.
Ngokushesha uMamontov waqaphela ukuthi phambi kwakhe kwakuyi-nugget yangempela. U-Savva wabona amandla amakhulu okudala ku-Fedor. Unikeze uChaliapin inkululeko ephelele yokwenza eqenjini lakhe. Usuku nosuku, umculi wembula idatha yezwi. Akekho owayemkhawulele noma omlungisele uhlaka oluthile.
Eqenjini, wakwazi ukumboza izingxenye ze-bass ezithandwayo zama-opera aseRussia. Indlela adlale ngayo indawo kaMephistopheles ku-Faust kaCharles Gounod isalokhu iyisilinganiso. Esikhathini esifushane, Fedor Ivanovich wakwazi ukuba inkanyezi international.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu elisha, uphinda avele ngaphakathi kwezindonga ze-Mariinsky Theatre. Manje iminyango yezikhungo zamasiko ezihamba phambili zezwe isivulekele umculi we-opera. E-Mariinsky Theatre wabhaliswa njengomuntu ocula yedwa.
Enenkundla yeshashalazi yaseSt. Petersburg uvakashela amazwe aseYurophu. Wake waba nenhlanhla yokucula esiteji kuMetropolitan Opera eNew York. Ngokubukeka kwakhe, uFedor naye wajabulisa abalandeli baseMoscow. Wayevame ukwenza esiteji se-Bolshoi Theatre.
Uklonyeliswe ngesihloko esithi Iciko Labantu le-RSFSR
Kusukela ngo-1905, waqala ukwenza njengomculi yedwa. U-Chaliapin wenza ezothando nezingoma zomdabu. Izilaleli zakhumbula ngokukhethekile ukwethulwa kwezingoma ezithi "Dubinushka" nethi "Along the Piterskaya". Ngalesi sikhathi, unikeza imali ezuziwe kubasebenzi abadinga usizo.
Imidlalo yalo mculi ibifana nezenzo zezombusazwe ezinokuthula. Izenzo ezinjalo zithole ukusabela okuhle kuhulumeni wamanje. UFedor ubenokuma okuhle nohulumeni wamanje. Kodwa, ngeshwa, wayesahluleka ukugcina isimo “sesakhamuzi esihle” ezweni lakubo.
Ngemva Revolution, kwaqala izinguquko ezinhle ekuphileni Fedor Ivanovich. Waqokwa njengenhloko ye-Mariinsky Theatre. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waklonyeliswa isihloko Umculi Yabantu we-RSFSR.
Esimeni esisha, akazange ahlale isikhathi eside. Ngemva kohambo lokuqala phesheya, wanquma ukungabuyeli ezweni lakubo. UChaliapin wahamba nomndeni omkhulu. Fedor Ivanovich akabange esaqhubeka esiteji ezweni lakubo. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, kwanqunywa ukuba kuphucwe umculi isihloko esithi People's Artist.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-biography yokudala yomculi odumile akuyona umculo kuphela. Wayengumuntu oguquguquka ngendlela emangalisayo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ubethanda ukudweba nokubaza. Ube nenhlanhla yokudlala kumafilimu amaningana.
UFyodor Chaliapin: Imininingwane yempilo yakhe yomuntu siqu
UFedor Ivanovich wayeyindoda enothando. Wahlangana nomkakhe wokuqala ebusheni bakhe, lapho esebenza enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini u-Savva Mamontov. U-Chaliapin wanqotshwa yi-ballerina enhle u-Iola Tornaga.
Entombazaneni, umculi wanqotshwa intukuthelo enenkani nemvelaphi yase-Italy. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, wayengafuni muntu amthole. Wamenzela isicelo somshado, futhi uTornaga waphendula le ndoda ngokubuyisela.
Phakathi nokuphila komndeni wakhe, i-ballerina yazala izingane eziyisithupha ezivela ku-Fedor. Umndeni owengeziwe awuzange umvimbe u-Chaliapin ezinguqukweni zokuphila. Wayethanda ukuthatha izingozi, ngaphandle kwalokho, wayehlukaniswa nomoya.
Ngokuvamile kwakudingeka ahlale eSt. Petersburg, kude nomkhaya wakubo. Ibanga lidlala ihlaya elinonya nabashadikazi. Ngokushesha wayesenowesifazane omusha. Wahlangana noMaria Petzold ngasese. Abazange bakhangise ngobudlelwano, ngoba bobabili babeshade ngokusemthethweni. Ngokushesha baqala ukuhlala ndawonye, futhi wazala izingane kusukela Chaliapin.
Waqhubeka ephila ukuphila okumbaxa-mbili waze wathuthela eYurophu. Lapho eyovakasha, wahamba nomkhaya wakhe wesibili. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, izingane zomshado wakhe wokuqala zahlala naye.
Ekhaya, washiya indodakazi endala kanye nonkosikazi wangaphambili. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uFedor waziphatha ngokungathembeki kumkakhe wokuqala, akazange ambambele amagqubu umyeni wakhe. Ngama-60s ekhulwini elidlule, u-Iola wathuthela eRoma, kodwa ngaphambi kokuhamba, lona wesifazane waphendukela kuNgqongqoshe Wezamasiko ngesicelo sokudala imyuziyamu endlini yabo ngokuhlonipha umyeni wakhe wangaphambili.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngomculi
- Esemncane, waxoshwa esikoleni ngenxa yokuqabula intombazane.
- Wafuna indawo yomkakhe wokuqala isikhathi eside. Wadela ngemva kokuba ecule lapho kuculwa i-opera ethi "Eugene Onegin": "U-Onegin, ngifunga inkemba, ngiyahlanya ngothando lukaTornagi!" Kungemva kwalokhu lapho inkosikazi yokuqala yanquma ukubuyisela ukuqoma kwakhe.
- Amahemuhemu athi akafanga ngenxa yomdlavuza, kodwa "ezandleni" zeziphathimandla zaseSoviet.
- Wasiza ukuvakashela abafuduki baseRussia abakhetha iParis impilo yonke.
- Ekuqaleni kwawo-30, wanyathelisa incwadi ethi Mask and Soul. Kuyo, umculi wakhuluma kabi maqondana nombuso wamaSoviet.
Ukufa komculi uFyodor Chaliapin
Maphakathi nawo-30s, waya ohambweni lwakhe lokugcina lwaseMpumalanga Ekude. Usedlale amakhonsathi angaphezu kuka-50. Lapho umculi ebuyela eFrance, wazizwa engaphilile.
Akazange ahlehlise ukuya kudokotela. Ekupheleni kwawo-30, wanikezwa ukuxilongwa okungajabulisi - "umdlavuza wegazi". Odokotela bathi uChaliapin usenesikhathi esingaphezu konyaka owodwa ephila.
Umculi washona ngo-1938 endlini yakhe, eyayiseParis. Umlotha wakhe wangcwatshwa eFrance, futhi kuphela phakathi neminyaka yama-80 ekhulwini elidlule, indodana yaphikelela ekungcwabeni umlotha kayise emathuneni aseNovodevichy enhloko-dolobha yaseRussia.
