Akunakwenzeka ukubukela phansi igalelo lomqambi u-Johann Sebastian Bach esikweni lomculo lomhlaba wonke. Izingoma zakhe zihlakaniphile. Wahlanganisa amasiko angcono kakhulu engoma yamaProthestani namasiko ezikole zomculo zase-Austrian, isiNtaliyane nesiFulentshi.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umqambi wasebenza eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-200 edlule, isithakazelo ifa lakhe elicebile ayizange yehle. Izingoma zomqambi zisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwama-opera nemidlalo yesimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingazwakala kumamuvi esimanje nezinhlelo ze-TV.
UJohann Sebastian Bach: Ubuntwana nobusha
UMdali wazalwa ngo-March 31, 1685 edolobheni elincane lase-Eisenach (eJalimane). Wakhulela emndenini omkhulu, owawunabantwana abangu-8. USebastian wayenawo wonke amathuba okuba umuntu odumile. Inhloko yomndeni nayo yashiya ifa elicebile. Ambrosius Bach (ubaba womculi) wayengumqambi odumile. Kwakukhona izizukulwane eziningana zabaculi emndenini wabo.
Kwakuyinhloko yomndeni eyafundisa indodana yakhe ukuphawula komculo. Ubaba uJohann wanikeza umndeni omkhulu ngenhlangano yemicimbi yezenhlalo nokudlala emasontweni. Kusukela esemncane, u-Bach Jr. wacula ekwayeni yesonto futhi wayazi ukudlala izinsimbi zomculo eziningana.
Lapho uBach eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, wabhekana nokushaqeka okunamandla ngokomzwelo ngenxa yokushona kukanina. Ngemva konyaka, umfana waba intandane. UJohann wayengelula. Wakhuliswa umfowabo omdala, ngokushesha owabela le nsizwa endaweni yokuzivocavoca. Esikhungweni semfundo, wafunda isiLatini, imfundiso yenkolo nomlando.
Ngokushesha wakwazi ukudlala isitho somzimba. Kodwa umfana wayelokhu efuna okwengeziwe. Intshisekelo yakhe emculweni yayifana nocezu lwesinkwa somuntu olambile. Ngokuyimfihlo kumfowabo omdala, uSebastian osemncane wathatha izingoma futhi wakopisha amanothi encwadini yakhe yokubhalela. Lapho umqaphi ebona lokho umfowabo ayekwenza, akazange aneliseke ngalawo maqhinga futhi wamane wakhetha incwadi yokubuthela.
Kwakumele asheshe akhule. Ukuze akwazi ukuziphilisa lapho esemusha, wathola umsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uBach wathola iziqu ze-honours ejimini yokuvocavoca, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wafuna ukungena esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme. Uhlulekile ukungena enyuvesi. Konke kungenxa yokushoda kwemali.
Indlela yokudala yomculi uJohann Sebastian Bach
Ngemva kokuphothula esikhungweni semfundo, wathola umsebenzi noDuke Johann Ernst. Isikhathi esithile u-Bach ujabulise umninikhaya wakhe kanye nezivakashi zakhe ngokudlala i-violin yakhe ejabulisayo. Ngokushesha lo mculi wakhathala ngalo msebenzi. Wayefuna ukuzivulela ama-horizons amasha. Uthathe isikhundla sokuba ngumdlali we-ogani esontweni lika-St Boniface.
U-Bach usijabulele lesi sikhundla esisha. Izinsuku ezintathu kweziyisikhombisa wasebenza ngokungakhathali. Isikhathi esisele umculi uzinikele ekwandiseni irepertoire yakhe. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho ebhala khona inani elikhulu lezingoma zesitho, ama-capricios, ama-cantata nama-suites. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, washiya isikhundla futhi walishiya idolobha lase-Arnstadt. Konke iphutha - ubudlelwano obunzima neziphathimandla zendawo. Ngalesi sikhathi, uBach wahamba kakhulu.
Iqiniso lokuthi uBach waba nesibindi sokushiya umsebenzi esontweni isikhathi eside lacasula iziphathimandla zendawo. Abefundisi, ababevele bemzonda lo mculi ngenxa yokwenza kwakhe imisebenzi yomculo, bamhlelele umzuliswano oyihlazo ohambweni olujwayelekile oluya eLübeck.
Lo mculi uvakashele leli dolobhana ngesizathu esithile. Iqiniso liwukuthi isithixo sakhe uDietrich Buxtehude wayehlala lapho. U-Bach kusukela ebusheni bakhe waphupha ukuzwa isitho esithuthukisiwe esidlala lo mculi othile. USebastian wayengenayo imali yokukhokhela uhambo oluya eLübeck. Wayengenayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokuya edolobheni ngezinyawo. Umqambi wahlabeka umxhwele kakhulu ngokusebenza kukaDietrich kangangokuthi esikhundleni sohambo oluhleliwe (oluthatha inyanga eyodwa), wahlala lapho izinyanga ezintathu.
Ngemva kokuba uBach ebuyele edolobheni, ukuhlasela kwangempela kwase kulungiselelwa yena. Walalela amacala ayebekwe wona, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wanquma ukuyishiya unomphela le ndawo. Umqambi waya eMühlhausen. Edolobheni, wathatha umsebenzi wokuba ngumdlali we-ogani ekwayeni yesonto lendawo.
Iziphathimandla zamkhanuka umculi omusha. Ngokungafani nohulumeni wangaphambili, lapha wamukelwa ngemfudumalo futhi ejabule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu bendawo bamangala ngendalo ye-maestro edumile. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, wabhala i-cantata enhle enesizotha ethi "INkosi iyinkosi yami."
Izinguquko empilweni yomqambi
Ngemva konyaka, kwadingeka athuthele endaweni Weimar. Umculi waqashwa esigodlweni se-ducal. Lapho wasebenza njengomhleli wenkantolo. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho ababhali bomlando wokuphila kwabo babheka ukuthi kunezithelo kakhulu kumlando wokudala ka-Bach. Wabhala izingoma eziningi ze-clavier ne-orchestra. Kodwa, okubaluleke kakhulu, umqambi wasebenzisa isigqi esiguquguqukayo nezikimu ze-harmonic ngenkathi ebhala izingoma ezintsha.
Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, i-maestro yaqala umsebenzi eqoqweni elidumile elithi "Organ Book". Leli qoqo lihlanganisa izandulela zekhorale zesitho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wethula ingoma ethi Passacaglia Minor kanye namacantatas angamashumi amabili nambili. E-Weimar, waba umuntu wehlelo.
UBach wayefuna ushintsho, ngakho ngo-1717 wacela isihe kumbusi ukuba ashiye isigodlo sakhe. U-Bach wathatha isikhundla noNkosana u-Anhalt-Köthensky, owayezazi kahle izingoma zasendulo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, uSebastian wabhala izingoma zemicimbi yezenhlalo.
Ngokushesha lo mculi wathatha isikhundla sokuba ngumculi wekwaya yaseSt. Thomas esontweni laseLeipzig. Wabe esethula abalandeli ingoma entsha ethi "Passion ngokusho kukaJohane". Ngokushesha waba umqondisi womculo wamasonto amaningana asemadolobheni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wabhala imijikelezo emihlanu yama-cantatas.
Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Bach wabhala izingoma zokucula emasontweni endawo. Umculi wayefuna okwengeziwe, ngakho wabhala nezingoma zemicimbi yezenhlalo. Ngokushesha wathatha isikhundla sokuba inhloko yebhodi lomculo. Iqembu lezwe lifaka ikhonsathi yamahora amabili izikhathi eziningana ngesonto endaweni kaZimmerman. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho uBach abhala khona iningi lemisebenzi yakhe yokuziphilisa.
Ukwehla kokuduma komqambi
Ngokushesha ukuthandwa komculi odumile kwaqala ukuncipha. Kwakukhona isikhathi se-classicism, ngakho-ke abantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi bathi izingoma zika-Bach zahlanganiswa nezindala. Naphezu kwalokhu, abaqambi abasha basenesithakazelo ezingoma ze-maestro, ngisho nokubheka kuye.
Ngo-1829, izingoma zikaBach zaphinde zaqala ukuba nesithakazelo. Umculi uMendelssohn uhlele ikhonsathi enkabeni yeBerlin, lapho kuzwakala khona ingoma ye-maestro edumile ethi "Passion ngokusho kukaMathewu".
"Ihlaya Lomculo" ingenye yezingoma ezithandwa kakhulu zabalandeli bomculo wesimanje. Umculo onesigqi nomnene namuhla uzwakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa ezinsimbini zomculo zesimanje.
Imininingwane yempilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1707, umqambi odumile washada noMaria Barbara. Umndeni ukhulise izingane eziyisikhombisa, akubona bonke abasinda baze bakhula. Izingane ezintathu zashona zisencane. Izingane zikaBach zalandela ezinyathelweni zikayise odumile. Eminyakeni engu-13 ngemva komshado ojabulisayo, umkamqambi washona. Umfelokazi.
U-Bach akazange ahlale esimeni somfelokazi isikhathi eside. Enkantolo yenduna, wahlangana nentombazane ebukekayo, ogama layo lalingu-Anna Magdalena Wilke. Ngemva konyaka, umculi wacela owesifazane ukuba ashade naye. Emshadweni wesibili, uSebastian wayenabantwana abangu-13.
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, umndeni kaBach waba injabulo yangempela. Wayekujabulela ukuba nomkakhe othandekayo nezingane. USebastian uqambe izingoma ezintsha zomndeni futhi wahlela izinombolo zekhonsathi ezingalindelekile. Umkakhe wayecula kahle, futhi amadodana akhe ayedlala izinsimbi zomculo eziningana.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngomqambi
- Engxenyeni yaseJalimane, kwakhiwa izikhumbuzo ezingu-11 zokukhumbula umculi.
- I-lullaby engcono kakhulu yomqambi umculo. Wayethanda ukulala nomculo.
- Ubengeke abizwe ngomuntu okhonondayo nozothile. Wayevame ukucasuka, akwazi nokuphakamisa isandla kwabangaphansi kwakhe.
- Umculi akakwazi ukubizwa ngegourmet. Isibonelo, wayethanda ukudla amakhanda e-herring.
- U-Bach ubedinga kanye kuphela ukulalela lo mculo ukuze awukhiqize ngendlebe.
- Wayenephimbo eliphelele nenkumbulo enhle.
- Unkosikazi wokuqala womqambi wayengumzala.
- Wayazi izilimi eziningana zakwamanye amazwe, okuyisiNgisi nesiFulentshi.
- Umculi wasebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo ngaphandle kwe-opera.
- U-Beethoven wayethanda izingoma zomqambi.
Ukufa komqambi uJohann Sebastian Bach
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, umbono we-maestro odumile ubulokhu uwohloka. Wayengakwazi ngisho nokubhala amaphuzu, futhi lokhu wakwenzelwa isihlobo sakhe.
U-Bach uthathe ithuba walala etafuleni lokusebenza. Ukuhlinzwa okubili okwenziwa udokotela wamehlo wendawo kwaphumelela. Kodwa umbono womqambi awuzange ube ngcono. Ngemva kwesikhashana waba kubi kakhulu. UBach wafa ngoJulayi 18, 1750.
