Unyaka ka-2017 umakwe isikhumbuzo esibalulekile sobuciko be-opera yomhlaba wonke - umculi odumile wase-Ukraine uSolomiya Krushelnytska wazalwa eminyakeni engu-145 edlule. Izwi levelvety elingalibaleki, uhla olucishe lube ngama-octave amathathu, izinga eliphezulu lezimfanelo zomculi, ukubukeka kwesiteji okugqamile. Konke lokhu kwenza uSolomiya Krushelnitskaya waba yinto eyingqayizivele esikweni le-opera ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX.
Ikhono lakhe elimangalisayo lathakaselwa ngabalaleli base-Italy naseJalimane, ePoland naseRussia, eFrance naseMelika. Izihlabani ze-opera ezifana no-Enrico Caruso, uMattia Battistini, uTito Ruffa bacula naye esiteji esisodwa. Abaqhubi abadumile u-Toscanini, u-Cleofonte Campanini, u-Leopoldo Mugnone bammema ukuthi abambisane.
Kungenxa ka-Solomiya Krushelnytska ukuthi iButterfly (Giacomo Puccini) isadlalwa ezigabeni ze-opera zomhlaba namuhla. Ukusebenza kwezingxenye eziyinhloko zomculi kwaba semqoka kwezinye izingoma. Izingoma zokuqala zedrama ethi "Salome", i-opera ethi "Lorelei" nethi "Valli" yaduma. Afakwe ku-operatic repertoire unomphela.
Ubuntwana nobusha bomculi
Wazalwa ngoSepthemba 23, 1872 esifundeni saseTernopil emndenini omkhulu wokucula wompristi. Eqaphela amakhono angavamile izwi indodakazi yakhe, uyise wamnika imfundo efanele zomculo. Wacula ekwayeni yakhe, waze wayiqhuba isikhashana.
Wameseka ekungazimiseleni kwakhe ukushada nendoda engamthandi futhi anikele impilo yakhe kwezobuciko. Ngenxa yokwenqaba kwendodakazi ukushada nompristi wesikhathi esizayo, kwavela izinkinga eziningi emndenini. Amanye amadodakazi akhe ayengasaqonywa. Kodwa ubaba, ngokungafani nomama kaSolomiya, wayehlale esohlangothini lwentandokazi yakhe.
Amakilasi e-Conservatory noProfesa Valery Vysotsky iminyaka emithathu anikeze imiphumela emihle kakhulu. USolomiya udlale indima yakhe yokuqala esiteji se-Lviv Opera Theatre njenge-mezzo-soprano ku-opera ethi The Favorite (Gaetano Donizetti).
Ngenxa yokujwayelana kwakhe nenkanyezi yase-Italy uGemma Belliconi, uSolomiya waqala ukufunda e-Italy. Imvelo yezwi lakhe akuyona i-mezzo, kodwa i-lyric-dramatic soprano (lokhu kwaqinisekiswa uthisha odumile waseMilanese bel canto uFausta Crespi). Ngakho-ke, isiphetho Solomiya kakade exhunywe Italy. Igama elithi Solomiya elisuka esiNtaliyane lisho ukuthi "eyami kuphela." Wayenenkinga enkulu - kwakudingeka "ukwenza kabusha" izwi lakhe kusukela ku-mezzo kuya ku-soprano. Konke kwakufanele kuqale phansi.
Encwadini yakhe yesikhumbuzo, u-Elena (udadewabo kaKrushelnitskaya) wabhala ngomlingisi kaSolomiya: “Nsuku zonke wayefunda umculo nokucula amahora amahlanu noma ayisithupha, bese eya ezifundweni zokulingisa, wayefika ekhaya ekhathele. Kodwa akazange akhononde ngalutho. Ngazibuza izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ukuthi uwathathaphi amandla angaka namandla. Udadewethu wayewuthanda kakhulu umculo nokucula kangangokuthi ngaphandle kwakho kwakubonakala kungekho mpilo kuye.
USolomiya, ngokwemvelo yakhe, wayenethemba elikhulu, kodwa ngesizathu esithile wayehlale enomuzwa wokunganeliseki ngaye. Ngendima yakhe ngayinye, wayelungiselela ngokucophelela okukhulu. Ukuze afunde ingxenye, uSolomiya wayedinga kuphela ukubheka amanothi ayewafunda eshidini, njengoba umuntu efunda umbhalo onyathelisiwe. Ngifunde umdlalo ngekhanda ezinsukwini ezimbili noma ezintathu. Kodwa lokho bekuyisiqalo nje somsebenzi. "
Ukuqala komsebenzi wokudala
Kusukela ezincwadini noMikhail Pavlik, kuyaziwa ukuthi uSolomiya naye wafunda ukuqamba, wazama ukubhala umculo ngokwakhe. Kodwa wabe eseshiya lolu hlobo lokusungula, ezinikela ekuculeni kuphela.
Ngo-1894, umculi wasayina inkontileka ne-opera House. Kanye nomculi odumile u-Alexander Mishuga, wacula ku-operas Faust, Il trovatore, Un ballo ku-maschera, Pebble. Akuzona zonke izingxenye ze-opera ezazihambisana nezwi lakhe. Kwakukhona izingcezu ze-coloratura ezingxenyeni ze-Margarita ne-Eleonora.
Naphezu kwakho konke, umculi wakwazi. Nokho, abagxeki basePoland basola uKrushelnytska ngokucula ngendlela yase-Italy ephinyiselwe. Futhi wakhohlwa lokho ayekufundiswe e-conservatory, ebonisa ukushiyeka kwakhe ayengenakho. Yiqiniso, lokhu kwakungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle "kokucasula" uProfesa Vysotsky nabafundi bakhe. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokucula ku-opera, uSolomiya waphinde wabuyela e-Italy ukuyofunda.
“Ngokushesha nje lapho ngifika, lapho eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kukaLvov ... umphakathi lapho ngeke ungibone ... ngizobekezelela kuze kube sekupheleni futhi ngizame ukukholisa bonke abantu abangenathemba ukuthi umphefumulo waseRussia nawo uyakwazi ukwamukela okungenani. abaphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni kwezomculo,” ubhalele abantu ayejwayelene nabo e-Italy.
Wabuyela eLvov ngoJanuwari 1895. Lapha umculi wenza "Manon" (Giacomo Puccini). Wabe eseya eVienna kuthisha odumile uGensbacher ukuze afunde ama-opera kaWagner. USolomiya udlale indima enkulu cishe kuwo wonke ama-opera kaWagner ezigabeni ezehlukene zomhlaba. Wayebhekwa njengomunye wabadlali abangcono kakhulu bezingoma zakhe.
Bese kuba khona iWarsaw. Lapha washeshe wahlonishwa nodumo. Umphakathi wasePoland nabagxeki bambheka njengomdlali ongenakuqhathaniswa weqembu elithi "Pebble" kanye "Countess". Ngo-1898-1902. esiteji seBolshoi Theatre eWarsaw, uSolomiya wadlala no-Enrico Caruso. Futhi noMattia Battistini, Adam Didur, Vladislav Floriansky nabanye.
Solomiya Krushelnytska: Umsebenzi wokudala
Iminyaka engu-5 wayedlala indima kuma-opera: Tannhäuser noValkyrie (Richard Wagner), Othello, Aida. Kanye no-"Don Carlos", "Masquerade Ball", "Ernani" (Giuseppe Verdi), "African", "Robert the Devil" kanye "namaHuguenots" (Giacomo Meyerbeer), "Indodakazi kaKhadinali" ("umJuda") ( Fromantal Halevi) , "Demon" (Anton Rubinstein), "Werther" (Jules Massenet), "La Gioconda" (Amilcare Ponchielli), "Tosca" kanye "Manon" (Giacomo Puccini), "Country Honor" (Pietro Mascagni), "Fra Devil" (Daniel Francois Aubert)," Maria di Rogan "(Gaetano Donizetti)," The Barber of Seville "(Gioacchino Rossini)," Eugene Onegin "," The Queen of Spades "kanye" Mazepa "(Pyotr Tchaikovsky) ," Iqhawe kanye Leander "( Giovanni Bottesini), "Itshe Elincane" futhi "Countess" (Stanislav Moniuszko), "Goplan" (Vladislav Zelensky).
Kwakukhona abantu eWarsaw abaphendukela ekunyundeleni, ekucunuleni, nasekukhulumeni ngomculi. Balingisa emaphephandabeni babhala ukuthi lo mculi uhola kakhulu kunabanye abaculi. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, akafuni ukucula ngesiPolish, akawuthandi umculo kaMoniuszko nabanye. USolomiya wacasulwa yizihloko ezinjalo futhi wanquma ukushiya iWarsaw. Ngenxa ye-feuilleton kaLibetsky "New Italian", umculi wakhetha i-repertoire yase-Italy.
Inkazimulo nokuqashelwa
Ngaphezu kwamadolobha namadolobhana aseNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine, uSolomiya wacula e-Odessa esiteji se-opera yendawo njengengxenye yeqembu lase-Italy. Isimo sengqondo esihle kakhulu sezakhamuzi zase-Odessa kanye neqembu lase-Italy kuyena kungenxa yokuba khona kwenani elikhulu lamaNtaliyane edolobheni. Abahlalanga e-Odessa kuphela, kodwa futhi benza okuningi ekuthuthukiseni isiko lomculo eningizimu yePalmyra.
Ukusebenza e-Bolshoi naseMariinsky yaseshashalazini, iminyaka eminingana uSolomiya Krushelnitskaya wenza ngempumelelo ama-opera kaPyotr Tchaikovsky.
UGuido Marotta wathi ngezimfanelo eziphakeme zomculo zomculi: "USolomiya Krushelnitskaya ungumculi ohlakaniphile onomqondo ojulile wesitayela othuthuke ngokujulile. Udlale upiyano kahle, wazifundisa izikolo nezindima yena, ngaphandle kokucela usizo kochwepheshe.
Ngo-1902, uKrushelnitskaya wavakashela eSt. Petersburg, waze waculela uMbusi WaseRussia. Wabe esecula eParis nomculi odumile uJan Reschke. Esiteji seLa Scala, wacula emdlalweni womculo othi Salome, i-opera ethi Elektra (kaRichard Strauss), ethi Phaedre (kaSimon Maira), nabanye. Ngo-1920, wabonakala okokugcina esiteji se-opera. Eshashalazini elithi "La Scala" uSolomiya wacula ku-opera ethi "Lohengrin" (Richard Wagner).
U-Solomiya Krushelnytska: Impilo Ngemva Kwesiteji se-Opera
Ngemva kokuphothula umsebenzi wakhe wokudlala, uSolomiya waqala ukucula ingoma ye-chamber. Ngesikhathi evakashele eMelika, wacula ngezilimi eziyisikhombisa (isiNtaliyane, isiFulentshi, isiJalimane, isiNgisi, iSpanishi, isiPolish, isiRashiya) izingoma zakudala, zakudala, ezothando, zesimanje nezomdabu. U-Krushelnitskaya wayazi ukuthi anganikeza kanjani ngamunye wabo ukunambitheka okungavamile. Phela wayenesinye isici esibalulekile - umuzwa wesitayela.
Ngo-1939 (ngaphambi kokuhlukaniswa kwePoland phakathi kwe-USSR yangaphambili neJalimane), uKrushelnytska waphinde wafika eLvov. Lokhu wayekwenza minyaka yonke ukuze abone umndeni wakhe. Nokho, akakwazanga ukubuyela e-Italy. Lokhu kwavinjelwa kuqala ngokungena kweGalicia e-USSR, kwase kuba yimpi.
Iphephandaba laseSoviet langemva kwempi libhale ngokungafuni kukaKrushelnytska ukushiya iLvov abuyele e-Italy. Futhi ucaphune amazwi omculi, owanquma ukuthi kungcono ukuba umuntu waseSoviet kunokuba "usozigidi wase-Italy".
Umlingiswa onamandla wasiza uSolomiya ukuba asinde kokubili usizi, nendlala, kanye nokugula komlenze ophukile phakathi kuka-1941-1945. Osisi abancane basiza uSolomiya ngoba ubengasebenzi, akamenywanga ndawo. Ngobunzima obukhulu, inkanyezi yangaphambili yesiteji se-opera yathola umsebenzi e-Lviv Conservatory. Kodwa ubuzwe bakhe babulokhu buhlala bobuNtaliyane. Ukuze athole ubuzwe be-socialist Ukraine, kwadingeka avume ukudayiswa kwe-villa e-Italy. Futhi unike imali umbuso waseSoviet. Ngemva kokuthola kuhulumeni waseSoviet iphesenti elincane lokuthengiswa kwe-villa, umsebenzi wothisha, isihloko sesisebenzi esihlonishwayo, uprofesa, umculi wathatha umsebenzi wokufundisa.
Naphezu kweminyaka yakhe, uSolomiya Krushelnitskaya wenza amakhonsathi eyedwa eneminyaka engu-77. Ngokusho komunye wabalaleli bamakhonsathi:
“Washaya ngokujula kwe-soprano egqamile, eqinile, eguquguqukayo, okwathi ngenxa yamandla omlingo, yatheleka njengomfudlana omusha ovela emzimbeni ontekenteke womculi.
Iciko belingenabo abafundi abadumile. Bambalwa abantu ngaleso sikhathi abaqeda izifundo zabo kuze kube unyaka wesi-5, izikhathi zangemva kwempi eLviv zazinzima kakhulu.
Umlingisikazi odumile ushone eneminyaka engu-80 ngenxa yomdlavuza womphimbo. Umculi akazange akhononde kunoma ubani ngokugula kwakhe, udlule ngokuthula, ngaphandle kokuheha ukunaka okukhulu.
Izinkumbulo zenganekwane yomculo wase-Ukraine
Izingoma zomculo zanikezelwa kumdwebi, izithombe zapendwe. Abantu abadumile bezamasiko nezombusazwe babemthanda. Lawa umbhali uVasily Stefanik, umbhali kanye nomphakathi uMikhail Pavlik. Kanye nommeli kanye nezombusazwe uTeofil Okunevsky, usokhemisi womuntu wenkosi yaseGibhithe. Umdwebi odumile wase-Italy u-Manfredo Manfredini wazibulala ngenxa yothando olungafanele lwe-opera diva.
Waklonyeliswa ngezindondo: "ezingenakuqhathaniswa", "kuphela", "eziyingqayizivele", "ezingenakuqhathaniswa". Enye yezimbongi eziqhakazile zase-Italy zasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, uGabriele d'Annunzio. Wanikezela ivesi elithi "Poetic Memory" ku-Krushelnitskaya, okwabe sekudlalwa umculo ngumqambi uRenato Brogi.
USolomiya Krushelnytska wayehambisana nezibalo ezidumile zesiko lase-Ukraine: u-Ivan Franko, uMykola Lysenko, uVasily Stefanyk, u-Olga Kobylyanska. Umculi ubelokhu enza izingoma zomdabu zase-Ukraine emakhonsathini futhi akakaze aphule ubuhlobo nezwe lakubo.
Kuyaxaka ukuthi uKrushelnitskaya akamenywanga ukuba acule esiteji seKyiv Opera House. Nakuba ayebhalelana nabaphathi bakhe iminyaka eminingana. Nokho, kwakukhona ukujwayela okuthile kulendida. Abanye abaculi abaziwayo base-Ukraine babenesiphetho esifanayo "sabangamenyiwe". Lona umculi oyedwa we-Vienna Opera u-Ira Malaniuk kanye no-Wagner tenor ongazange adlulwe, ocula yedwa we-Swedish Royal Opera Modest Mencinski.
Umculi waphila impilo ejabulisayo njengenkanyezi ye-opera yobukhulu bokuqala. Kodwa wayevame ukucaphuna kubafundi bakhe amazwi ka-Enrico Caruso athi bonke abantu abasha abafisa ukudlala i-opera, bafuna ukumemeza:
“Khumbula! Lona umsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Ngisho noma unezwi elihle futhi unemfundo eqinile, kusafanele ubambe iqhaza elikhulu lezindima. Futhi lokho kuthatha iminyaka yokusebenza kanzima nenkumbulo engavamile. Engeza kulesi sigaba amakhono, nawo adinga ukuqeqeshwa futhi awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwawo ku-opera. Kufanele ukwazi ukunyakaza, uthango, ukuwa, i-gesticulate, nokunye okunjalo. Futhi, ekugcineni, esimweni samanje se-opera, kubalulekile ukwazi izilimi zakwamanye amazwe.
Umngane kaSolomia Negrito da Piazzini (indodakazi yomqondisi wemidlalo yaseshashalazini eBuenos Aires) wakhumbula ukuthi akekho noyedwa umbhidisi owake waphawula kuye, ebona ukuthi akakwazi ukumelana nokucindezeleka. Kodwa ngisho nabaqhubi abadumile nabahlabeleli balalela iseluleko nemibono kaSolomiya.
